The Flea by John Donne and The Altar by George Herbert

The Flea by John Donne and The Altar by George Herbert Look into The Flea by John Donne and The Altar by George Herbert. The Flea by John Donne, distributed in 1633, is a sexual otherworldly sonnet wherein the idea of a bug fills in as an all-encompassing analogy for the connection between the speaker and his dearest. In examination George Herbert’s The Altar, likewise distributed in 1633, shows through the pride of a special stepped area how one should offer himself as a penance to the Lord. This paper will look into; the wonderful strategies, the state of the sonnets and the utilization of meter. This paper will likewise feature how these highlights interface in with the fundamental topics of sexual wants, religion and reiteration to bring out the importance of every sonnet. The two writers present the speaker diversely using beautiful gadgets. For instance, the mystical pride in The Flea starts when the speaker states ‘And in this insect, our two bloods blended be’. (4) This analogy recommends that the speaker accepts the blending of two bloods is like the sanctification of marriage and this is the contention the speaker sets up to charm his darling. The speaker utilizes direct location when he says ‘how little that which thou deniest me’. (2) By utilizing the determiner ‘little’ it shows how he is attempting to persuade his admirer of the insignificance of sex. Also, the possessive pronoun ‘me’ recommends he is attempting to declare his position, in this manner featuring his sexual want considerably more. In complete differentiation, the speaker in The Altar is questionable as Herbert alludes to a ‘servant’, (1) which infers anyone could be talking it; regardless of whether it is the writer, the peruser or even a cleric, as it is by all accounts as a supplication. Moreover, the speaker enlightens they are tending to somebody of higher significance as he alludes to the ‘Lord’ (1). What's more, the descriptive word ‘broken’ (1) is a declaration of a sincere feeling of deficiency thus this further catches Herbert’s importance to characterize man’s place before God. It is essential to consider how Donne and Herbert have an unmistakable differentiation by they way they use religion as a subject to summon the significance of their sonnets. Following on from this, Donne utilizes the general inconsequentiality of an insect to be the essential picture of the sonnet therefore uncovering his silly and clever tone; as it appears differently in relation to the demonstration of intercourse, which is vital to numerous strict individuals, harking back to the seventeenth century. In contrast to Donne, Herbert utilizes the vanity of a special raised area to show how one should offer himself to God. Through his arrogance, Herbert features the significance of dedicating oneself to God, though Donne just uses strict symbolism so as to prevail upon his sweetheart. In The Flea, the representation ‘three lives in a single insect spare’ (10) negates what the speaker accepts to be of insignificance. The speaker attempts to control his darling by proposing she is conflicting with the holiness of marriage on the off chance that she slaughters the insect. The picture of ‘three lives’ likens to the three people of th e Holy Trinity; the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. By fusing this symbolism, Donne viably utilizes Biblical references to shape his contention and attempts to entice his darling in a shrewd way. Anyway in The Altar, the similitude ‘A HEART alone/Is such a stone’ (5/6) shows how dedicated the speaker accepts he is without offering himself completely to God. The thing ‘HEART’ is in strong and is put close to the focal point of the sonnet, which enlightens that the heart ought to be fundamental to what is being finished. What's more, this recommends if the heart was to be taken out, the special raised area would lose its essentialness. This allegory likewise represents the fall of Adam in the Garden of Eden; the transgression that he submitted speaks to the heart that has kicked the bucket. This again connects in with the possibility that one should offer himself as a penance to God. Both Donne and Herbert’s sonnets make a successful visual picture to connect back to the importance. The redundancy of the shape in The Flea and the space of the last three lines of every verse allude back to this three of every one symbolism. This reiteration proposes an ongoing schedule that the speaker is a result of as he is resolved to convince his sweetheart to concur in sex. Besides, the speaker says ‘three lives’ (10) and ‘three sins in executing three’ (18) which are of high significance. This reiteration of the three out of one symbolism proposes every refrain reflects the idea of the insect, the darling and the speaker or significantly more critically the Holy Trinity. Similarly the subject of reiteration and religion has gone over in The Flea, The Altar additionally makes a visual effect. Like Donne’s redundancy of the state of the refrains, Hebert’s sonnet likewise rehashes the state of the initial four lines with the last four lines. This makes a feeling of how the otherworldly world will consistently overrule the material world. The speaker in The Flea offers reference to material things, for example, sex so as to prevail upon his sweetheart. Anyway in the initial four lines of The Altar, the speaker gives reference ‘workmans tools’ (4) to propose that material products will never be on same level as the otherworldly world. Micah Krabill states Herbert has ‘made an outside special stepped area for the peruser; by moving toward the sonnet, the peruser approaches the altar.’ (Krabill, 1998) Following on from this, Herbert deliberately sets the state of this sonnet like a raised area with the goal that the peruser places themselves before God, which connections back to Krabill’s proclamation of how the peruser approaches the raised area. Herbert offers reference to a ‘broken ALTAR’ (1) which is astute as the sonnet is looking like a messed up special stepped area. This inspires the significance of how the pathway to God isn't in every case simple. Herbert further underlines the centrality of religion when the shape molds to the middle at ‘A HEART alone’ (5), along these lines featuring how the heart is at the focal point of the penance given to God. The reiteration of the state of the last four lines connects in with the visual shape in The Flea as it proposes the speaker is set up to offer himself completely toward the finish of the sonnet. The meter of every sonnet are comparable in that they fall in to the rhyming musicality, anyway they make various effects. The Flea switches back and forth between rhyming tetrameter and poetic pattern for instance ‘Though use make you able to execute me,/Let not to that, self-murder included be’. (16/17) However the last three lines in every verse switch back and forth between tetrameter for line seven and afterward pentameter for lines eight and nine. The substitute meter and having three couplets and one triplet in every nine line refrain interfaces back to the possibility of the speaker’s manipulative thought process and conspiring conduct so as to participate in sexual wants all through the sonnet. In correlation with the unpredictability of his contention, the rhyme plot follows an aabbccddd design in which every single expression of each line, except for ‘maidenhead’ (6) and ‘innocence’ (20), all has one syllable. For instance, â⠂¬Ëœme’, ‘thee’ and ‘three’ all location the speaker, his darling and allude back to the three of every one symbolism. By having one syllable for each word, it connects back to the effortlessness of what the speaker needs. Like Donne’s sonnet, The Altar takes part in an other measured rhyming and versifying tetrameter for the initial two couplets. The sonnet at that point changes to versifying dimeter for four couplets and afterward the last two couplets reflect the substitute meters in the initial two couplets. Thus to The Flea, the other meter’s feature the speaker’s character. The prompt change from versifying tetrameter to rhyming dimeter speeds the pace of the sonnet up; the center area enlightens the speaker’s message by they way he trusts one should offer himself to God. The last couple of rhyming dimeter is, ‘Meets in this casing/To laud thy name’ (11/12) which is of high criticalness. Herbert shrewdly utilizes a punning reference to the ‘frame’ of the sonnet and furthermore a person’s perspective. Following on from this, the substitute meter’s additionally fit in with the visual state of the sonnet which is powerful as it inte rfaces in with the otherworldly vanity of a raised area that Herbert utilizes all through. The two writers utilize different meter’s to exhibit either the misleading thought process of the speaker in The Flea or to fortify significance of the message in The Altar. Both Donne and Herbert structure their sonnets adequately utilizing the supernatural arrogances of a bug and a special stepped area to feature the message that is planned. Come what may, the two writers can utilize the state of their sonnets and furthermore different meters’ so as to make various effects upon the peruser. The Flea and The Altar are viewed as totally various sonnets because of the sexual and tempting conduct of the speaker in the principal sonnet, yet the last is in finished difference as the speaker tends to God in a conscious and obedient way. In any case, both Donne and Herbert feature comparable subjects, for example, sexual wants, religion and redundancy so as to expose the significance of the two sonnets successfully. Book reference Krabill, M. (1998). Visual Metaphor. Deciphering English Literature: Milton, Herbert Donne. Recovered from http://finneganswake.net/the scholarly world/visualmetaphor.html (Accessed tenth March, 2014)

chrysanthemums Essay Example

chrysanthemums Essay A Womans Frustration in the Gender-Divided World An Analysis of Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums In his 1933 letter to a companion, John Steinbeck discusses his recently made short story The Chrysanthemums: It is altogether extraordinary and is intended to strike without the perusers information (qtd. in Segal 214). It has without a doubt accomplished the impact: since the time its distribution, pundits and perusers, who collectively feel that something significant has transpired (qtd. in Segal 214), attempt in every approach to fgure out under and between the lines the topic of the story. While for the most part deciphering the beer as one about a womans disappointment, pundits set forward various motivations to clarify the what and the how. A few pundits relate the hero Elisa Allens discontent and depression to the way that she has no youngsters and along these lines is impeded in her parenthood; and others, seeing that Elisa and her better half Henrys connection needs profound comprehension and enthusiasm, recommend that sex-starvation is the reason for her feeling of constraint; still others treat the story as a story of an exhausted middle-age housewife, accepting that Elisas discontent is brought about by her obscure onging for illusive sentiment (Segal 214). Without a doubt these investig ations help, in different degrees, shed light on the comprehension of the story. We will compose a custom exposition test on chrysanthemums explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on chrysanthemums explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on chrysanthemums explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In any case, they havent depleted the unpredictability of the topic yet. On the off chance that we approach the story by a nearby perusing, taking satisfactory notification of the pictures and images which Steinbeck has painstakingly woven into the story, we may find that The Chrysanthemums is additionally a significant story of sexual orientation, an account of the destined dissatisfaction of a female who, in her endeavor at self-satisfaction, accidentally but unavoidably trespasses upon the world marked as having a place with male sex. As we probably am aware, sexual orientation as a social development, is how we are socially characterized. As Scott Carpenter brings up: [o]ur lives are saturated with differentiations dependent on sex, and these qualifications have a genuine, verifiable effect in transit individuals live and communicate (89). As a lady, Elisas sexual orientation chooses the job she should play, the work she is permitted to do, and the very style of life she has however to acknowledge. In the double restrictions of sex there exist two and just two prospects: male and female, or Ladies and Gents. Offenses are not endured, as Carpenter keeps up, for inary resistances are once in a while fair, one term of the pair quite often getting a charge out of the special status over the other (95). Consequently, so as to keep up male strength and benefit over female, this recommendation is thoroughly maintainedor even policed(Carpenter 90). When Elisa attempts to get through the repression of her sexual orientation, she unavoidably wounds herself. The initial symbolism establishes the pace for the entire story. It not just portrays the hero Elisa Allens abusive life, yet in addition anticipates her inescapable dissatisfaction. The Salinas Valley is depicted as deterred by the high dim back street a shut down pot (Steinbeck 169). There is a predominant feeling of constraint and restriction. However the severe sense is blended in some way or another with glinting expectation. We are informed that the land floor of the valley is furrowed profoundly to get the normal downpours. It was a period of calm and of holding up the light wind exploded with the goal that the ranchers were confident of a decent downpour (169). The land is anticipating the sustaining downpours; the hero is in an unclear longing of a help from the fruitless and bound life. Yet, the guarantee of downpour is an incongruity: mist and downpour don't go together (169). Thus, the desire for getting through the shut pot for Elisa is a figment. At the point when Elisa Allen initially shows up in the story, she is working in her blossom garden with her chrysanthemums, while over the yard, her better half Henry is talking business with two specialists by the tractor shed. Unmistakably two universes in twofold resistances of sex are introduced to us: one is the female universe of cultivating and housekeeping, the other is the male universe of business, hardware and cultivating. In any case, the issue of this differentiation is quickly appeared in the pictures of Elisas house and her method of planting. The little house is hard-cleared, the windows are hard-cleaned and even the mud-tangle on the front advances is perfect (italics included). She is accomplishing more than great. Clearly, housekeeping is a long way from being an adequate test for such an enthusiastic and resilient lady. Therefore, she pours her vitality onto the cultivating. Wearing a substantial cultivating ensemble, a keeps an eye on dark cap, and hick shoes, she works in a way a man treats his occupation; even her work with the scissors was over-anxious, over-amazing. The chrysanthemum stems appeared to be excessively little and simple for her vitality (169). Elisas limited vitality and otential discovers its solitary outlet in developing chrysanthemums. In any case, Henrys comments on her blossoms revealingly demonstrate the criticalness, or rather irrelevance of her planting: miouVe got a solid new harvest coming (170). Its unexpected applause, with the suggestion that the chrysanthemums are NOT crops and accordingly are not of any incentive from a sober minded perspective. On the off chance that we see chrysanthemums as an image identified with Elisas potential, at that point this potential is neither perceived nor esteemed. The tinker comes, bringing twofold dreams for downpours anticipating Elisa. Initially, he charms Elisa with an emanation of a free life which Elisa has never had a sample of aside from n her creative mind. In term of physical appearance, the messy stubble-facial hair tinker is in no way, shape or form appealing. Actually, halting before Elisas house, this unusual messy group of man, pony, burro, and crossbreed hound strikingly diverge from Elisas slick and clean house and wire-fenced garden. Be that as it may, the tinkers roaming and free lifestyle in the wagon seems like a pleasant sort of an approach to live to Elisa, arousing her sneaking longing for an alternate unbounded life (172). In the wake of talking with the tinker for some time, she communicates her desire unequivocally: It must be pleasant. I wish ladies could do such things. In any case, the tinkers answer [i]t aint the correct sort of a life for a lady (175)indicates similarly expressly that along these lines of living is just for man, not directly for lady. Elisa is wanting for something past her sexual orientation. The tinkers tricky commendation of the chrysanthemums establishes a beguiling that the tinker is keen on her blossoms, [t]he disturbance and opposition dissolved from Elisas face (173). Excessively energized in finding an individual who knows the value and estimation of her work, Elisa neglects to see the recognizable lies in the tinkers sleek words. She anxiously and energetically transplants the buds for the tinker with the goal that he can carry the bloom to a woman who, as the peruser knows, really doesn't exist. The sensational incongruity here echoes the incongruity in the initial symbolism of bogus guarantee of the downpour, developing constantly until the last disclosure for the hero. The experience of the tinker and Elisa is additionally an encounter between a man and a lady. Elisas enthusiasm to give her chrysanthemums results just from her fervor in finding a related soul, yet in addition is halfway because of her goal to contend with the tinker as far as competency for work. As we have seen, the inkers messiness is in striking difference to Elisas equipped tidiness. He isn't proficient and skillful aside from when he begins his work. At the point when Elisa hands the pots for him to fix, [h]is way changed. He got proficient (174). Be that as it may, Elisa dispatches her test. miou may be shocked to have an adversary some time. I can hone scissors, as well. What's more, I can give a good old fashioned thumping to little pots. I could give you what a lady may do (175). As far as capacity, Elisa is most likely an obviously better laborer. In offering the chrysanthemum buds she plants, Elisa gives her ability and acquires a feeling of triumphant pride. Charmed by the free existence of the tinker, and inebriated by her feeling of unfurling potential, Elisa envisions the night in the wagon: Every sharp star gets crashed into your body. Its like that. Hot and sharp and†lively (174). On the off chance that the announcement is tinted with a sexual hint, its progressively coordinated to the captivating uninhibited life related with the tinker as opposed to the messy individual himself. In this condition of cheerful dream, she mumbles farewell to the tinker: Thats brilliant bearing. Theres a gleaming there (175). In a similar perspective, she comes back to her home to have a shower before heading off to claim with her significant other. In the washroom she detached her grimy garments and flung them into the corner. And afterward she scoured herself with a little square of pumice until her skin was damaged and red (176). She needs to keep down the flooding energy by dressing gradually. She put on her most up to date underclothing and her most pleasant stockings and the dress which was the image of her attractiveness. She worked cautiously on her hair, penciled her eyebrows and rouged her lips (176). Here the picture of Elisa shapes a difference to her picture in the nursery. In the event that we accept the nursery picture shows Elisas o-called manliness, at that point this one clearly affirms her womanliness. Elisa appears to take on changed sexual orientation highlights. By and by, sexual orientation highlights are raised doubt about. A solitary either lor assignment of sexual orientation, which talks about our inclination for twofold resistances, is risky when used to portray Elisa, who can't be easily placed into this discretionary mark. Then again, this change additionally relates to Elisas advancement of her sense benefit from keeps an eye on world†the benefit of having ones own occupation. Persuaded, after the experience with the tinker, of her fem

Livin La Vida PRoCa

Livin’ La Vida PRoCa Sams Mom successfully conspired with Mitra to drag me to the Clay Aiken concert Sunday night at the Bank of America Pavilion. Though Im by far the biggest fan of American Idol at MIT, I was still a little hesitant about seeing good old Clay in concert. I mean, look at this: Now imagine that youre walking toward that venue, with the intention of entering, sitting down, then standing up again and screaming for two and a half straight hours of nonstop glory notes. Just think about it seriously for a second. Would you really continue toward that sign? Read on at your own risk. And, believe me, this is gonna be a long one. Still, I ended up being pretty excited about the concert for two reasons. 1. Fans of Clay at a certain internet message board at which Sams Mom may or may not post offered to make a Clay-themed nametag for me, featuring this picture of Clay from TV Guide: I have no idea why Clay is holding Clay inside a television, or what this has to do with TV Guide or why it appeared there, but it might just be my favorite photograph ever. Then, when we got to the concert, we found out that they had forgotten to print my nametag, and I was really, really upset. Like, I was despondent. Utterly heartbroken, really. Seriously, at that moment, I couldnt imagine anything more important to me than a clever nametag with a picture of Clay Aiken trapped inside a portable television set. Oh, you think thats sad? Well, its 1 AM right now and Im working desk and looking at pictures of Clay Aiken on Google image search. I hope nobody walking by can see the computer screen. Of course, since the desk computer is public, now everyone knows that somebody was actually at desk searching for clay aiken TV guide and clay aiken television picture and they could probably look at the desk schedule and find out that it was me. Im so embarassed. However, sam.mitblogs.com is in their browser history and this is my first time working desk this term! Im excited. Okay, no, like, I was just looking at this site. This is what my life has become. Did you just open it and then quickly surf away in embarassment? Did you then look hesitantly to the left and right to see if there was anybody behind you when you opened it? Do you know what I did? I scrolled down the entire page to see if there was a picture of Clay Aiken stuck inside a television set on it. In public, I did this. This is what I do for you people. Now theres this girl and she has 7 packages behind desk that she needs right now. I was getting them all for her, one by one, but to expedite the process, she decided to come back behind desk and get them with me and she TOTALLY saw that Im looking at this site right now but she didnt say anthing and now shes packing up her 7 packages and its quite awkward. ARGH, just pack up all your stuff and go! I dont think you realize what Im going through to write this blog entry. But I digress. Im writing the rest of this entry from an Athena cluster on my lunch break from work, so you can bet that there arent going to be any more pictures today. Anyway, the second thing I was excited about was 2. Clays bizarre take on When Doves Cry.. Id heard this like a dozen times in the car driving up to Boston with Sams Mom, and, let me tell you, this is the best cover song ever performed since Aretha Franklin sang Im Eleanor Rigby in 1972. So, yeah, its hard to imagine the wholesome Southern gentelman Clay Aiken of Solitaire really selling Princes provocative minimalist dance masterpiece, but luckily, musical director SAVON realized that too and decided to prepare kind of an absurdist take on the song. The song beigns with Clay and his backup singers in purple choir robes (get it?) looking heavenward expectantly. Accompanied only by solo piano, Clay takes twenty minutes to sing the first chorus, highlighted by a thirty-second why do we SCREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEAM at each other? Then, he rips off his choir robe, the main riff of the song comes in with kind of a funk-metal tone, and Clay begins to engage in some of the most lascivious dancing Ive ever seen from him. Seriously, if you thought the three hip shakes at the end of Grease were a little inappropriate, you probably would have fainted when you saw this. There was definitely grinding with the backup dancers, although it was accompanied by a Clay bel ting out the word cry for 20 seconds, so I guess it wasnt really too suggestive after all. Then, after the first two verses, just when you started to think, gee, I bet this song would be even more awesome if they distorted Clays vocals a little, they turned on a vocoder! Yeah, that was definitely the performance of the night, if only because it was a lot like the strange waking dreams I used to have in 18.701 (before I dropped it). Really, the whole concert was overall enjoyable, but not so much because of the actual musical performances mostly just for the spectacle. More often than thinking wow, Clay sang Solitaire quite excellently, I thought, wow, Clay is going to sing Alone, that Carrie Underwood masterpiece; should I yell Go Carrie?' or wow, everybody in the audience is making a stabbing motion during this song; I guess I will too and then do song charades with Mitra. I dont know what the people behind us thought of my manic, Paula Abdul-esque dancing and clapping, but, honestly, Im not going to let Clay Aiken fans tell me that Im behaving strangely at a concert, anyway. The only song that I probably could have enjoyed without any irony was his lovely understated piano-only take on I Cant Make You Love Me, except about half of the audience decided that since this was the quietest part of the concert, it would be the best opportunity to SCREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEAM their love for Clay Aiken. I mean, how else would he hear you except during a ballad? So, if I had been transcribing the lyrics, they would have gone something like this: Turn down the light, Turn down the TAKE IT OFF CLAY!!! Turn down these voices, WE LOVE YOU CLAY!!! Lay down with WE LOVE YOU MORE CLAY!!!! Tell me no lies, Just AAAAAAAAAHHHH!!! me close, Dont patronize Dont MARRY ME CLAY!!! VERMONT LOVES CLAY AIKEN!!! The entry title is dedicated to the one song (out of over 100) in this entire concert that I wish would have gone on just a little bit longer. Clay actually handled uptempo Ricky Martin surprisingly well, and even did the help Im stuck in a wind tunnel dance from the video. So, to reiteratite, Sunday night I really wanted to see Clay Aiken imitate Ricky Martin some more.

Importance Of Shakespeare s Macbeth - 1519 Words

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In addition, in this play, the supernatural in Shakespeare’s time is added by the witches. It brings horror and fear to the play, similar to how the three witches brought such emotion to Macbeth. Because of the influence of witchcraft, the mastery of the overall sorcery of witches officially sets any mood and idea of a story or play as well as their influence of the drama through their prophecies and their supernatural features. Beginning with the history of Shakespeare’s time, theShow MoreRelatedShakespeare s Macbeth : Importance Of Secondary Characters1374 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth: Importance of Secondary Characters Dramatic literature during the Elizabethan era included the illustrious works of the remarkable William Shakespeare. As Shakespeare composes his theatric spectacles, he brings the characters to life. Shakespeare’s engrossing composition of Macbeth, exhaustively, displays the essentiality of including secondary characters in the play. 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Traditional Families And Traditional Values - 942 Words

â€Å"The family you come from isn t as important as the family you re going to have.† – Ring Lardner. Even though traditional values should change, families should be more traditional with mortality and respect. A family is the best thing that anyone can ask for. Traditional families hold the true values of friendship, honesty, loyalty, morals, and respect. While this issue is complex and may be hard to discuss there is a simple answer. Traditional families use morals to raise their children and create good people to better the world someday. Morals help better the individual. Traditional families teach each member the respect required to be shown towards others whether it be the workforce or in a grocery store. Morality is the key to a good person. Morality is the quality that drives individuals to better the environment around them and, while doing so, better themselves in the process. Morality is a quality that shapes and develops the world we live in. If all famili es were built from the ground up such as, the father being the family leader and the mother being the one who keeps things in order amongst the family, then there would be much less problems in the world that we live in today. Traditional families hold values that a single parent cannot teach to their children. Values like loyalty and maturity are imperative to a good citizens character. Traditional families. Morals teach kids the true meaning of a relationship. This kind of teaching helps kids develop intoShow MoreRelatedTraditional Family Values957 Words   |  4 PagesWhere do family values stand in today’s world? There is the traditional family that make ends meet no matter what and more common today is the modern family that take divorce like it is no big deal. Kingslover and White give great examples of what a traditional family is like and how the modern family is taking over. The world makes it easy to deplete family values in this day and age but really divorce has been considered for centuries. Divorce has become a regular occurrence and highly prevalentRead More Family Values and The Status of The Traditional American Family792 Words   |  4 Pagesthe term family values, many different ideas can come to mind. Morals, religion, beliefs, tradition, expectation, controversy, and misuse are some things that may come to mind when the term â€Å"family values† is mentioned. The true definition and meaning of family values can most likely never be directly pinpointed, but it is always going to be a known fact that family values are always going to have different meanings to different people. It is the common misunderstanding that family values are justRead MoreAssessing the View that Family Diversity is Leading to a Weakening of Traditional Family Values1666 Words   |  7 PagesAssessing the View that Family Diversity is Leading to a Weakening of Traditional Family Values Given the culturally diverse character of the United Kingdom today, there are considerable variations in family and marriage within the country. The structure of families has altered over time and is still changing today. Changing relationships between spouses in the family, and in particular, the changes in the position of women in the family. The family in the UK today reflectsRead MoreThe Importance of Preserving Traditional Family Values to Improve American Culture1347 Words   |  6 Pagespart of the answer to that question lies in the family. Although I know there are many good single parents in our culture I want to draw focus to the traditional family as I write this. If we look up the definition of the traditional family we find that it is a basic social unit consisting of parents and their children. Since time began this was how the family was meant to be. A mother and father jointly raising their offspring with their values and beliefs so that those offspring would then continueRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Affect Traditional Family Values?1797 Words   |  8 PagesImagine not being able to bear your own child. The only way you can have the family you have always dreamed of is to adopt a child from the foster care system. You visit a foster home, and there she is; The little girl you have always dreamed of having. Little Suzie is perfect for you, and you want nothing more than to bring her home, except you run into a big problem, you are not married. Not only are you not married, but you cannot even get married because you are gay. Now not only has Little SuzieRead MoreOur Society Is Overly Materialistic. We Center Our Lives on Acquiring Material Things at the Expense of Such Traditional Values as Family and Education.653 Words   |  3 PagesTopic 2 Our society is overly materialistic. We center our lives on acquiring material things at the expense of such traditional values as family and education. I agree with the issue that our society is becoming too materialistic. People are involved into a commercial world and forget their responsibilities to this society. The traditional value is taken place by materialistic culture. This is because that there is too much temptation to resist in this world, such as luxurious cars, vacationsRead MoreTraditional Society Vs. Modern Society1323 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact the society as well as how we describe our society. Over the past decade society has established new values and deceptions that has contented to the major destinations between traditional society and modern society. In this essay, the purpose will be to show the reasons why modern society is more preferable than traditional society by integrating the topics of gender roles, core family values and child labor using the readings by Campbell, Thompson, Bell, and shills. Gender roles are a socialRead More Is Modern Society Really Great? Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pageshave been taught that change is good, but perhaps we should begin questioning our knowledgeable teachers. All non-western countries are changing today. They too are leaving behind traditional society and making the adjustment to Modern Society. Modern society is very different from traditional society. Traditional society had a low level of urbanization; in fact, 95% of the people lived in agricultural and rural areas. These areas were basically self-sufficient where the people took care of themselvesRead MoreDifference Between Traditional And Modern Society Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pagesideology, ethics, and traditions. Nevertheless, a traditional society’s foundation built on the extended family with each family considers as the welfare state. Consequently, the family is completely responsible for their well-being and offspring’s success. Conversely, the government is exclusively responsible for many of the services in modern society. Therefore, the success of the individual solely depends on the person rather than their families. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrastRead MoreEssay on Domains of Culture689 Words   |  3 Pages ON DOMAINS OF CULTURE: FAMILY amp; KINSHIP When people hear the word â€Å"Family†, different things come to mind depending on where you are from. It is defined as a basic social unit consisting of parents and their children, considered as a group, whether dwelling together or not (1). Family and kinship are how we inherit values, spiritual, and emotional qualities. We get our character from surroundings and upbringing. Inheritance is also a major part of families. It allows us to honor our ancestors

Psychoanalytic Social Theory of Karen Horney Free Essays

Karen Horney made innovative contributions to the domain of Psychology. Karen is best known of her theory describing effects on the individual’s personality from his or her culture in a society particularly the childhood experience. Although people can become neurotic at any stage in life, most neurosis begins in childhood experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoanalytic Social Theory of Karen Horney or any similar topic only for you Order Now Genuine love and healthy discipline is essential to build feelings of Safety and Satisfaction also the Love and Belonging that must be provided by the parents. If these needs were not given, the child develops basic hostility towards the parents and when repressed it will lead to basic anxiety wherein a child feels helplessness and isolation in a cruel world. According to Karen Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility are combined in an endless circle, because it may start any of those two. Through that it will direct to Neurosis. Yes basic anxiety can lead to neurosis, but not necessarily. According to Karen Horney, there are normal defenses against anxiety; these are the Spontaneous Movement toward people, against people and away from people. In here, I think even how awful a child experience is they still engage to some activities that in a way they can express themselves and draw out their painful backgrounds to a delightful way. Besides we can view legendary people who brought success not just in a certain country but in the world despite from the traumatic experiences of his or her childhood. Aside from that there are also Neurotic defenses against anxiety, the Compulsive Movement toward people, against people, and away from people. For me, we can not really blame those people who had terrible experiences. It is on their way on how they are going to deal with it. Yes, encountering such is really hard to forget especially if it deals among parents. It is like, how are they going to trust other people well in fact from the very beginning their own parents neglect them. I agree to Karen Horney’s theory even though it has no enough written documents but as we can see it is happening in the society. How to cite Psychoanalytic Social Theory of Karen Horney, Papers

Voyages Soleil

The key decision and the risks facing the company – Voyages Soleil, Inc. (VS) The key decision faced by the company (Voyages Soleil, Inc.) is how to embrace international foreign exchange rates against the Canadian dollar despite the looming financial challenges. The value of US$ against the Canadian dollar has been fluctuating considerably. The company might operate at a loss when it books hotels in other countries using US$ as the standard currency for payments. Evidently, international hotels prefer payments in US$ but not Cdn$.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Voyages Soleil specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the case provided, the company (VS) had been hit adversely by the economic downturns and insecurity factors following the incident of September 11, 2001, in US. Issues of insecurity and travel cancellation played credible roles in the company’s decision making provisions. Pre cisely, the key decision is how to approach the foreign exchange risks following the then economic hitches. The risks facing the company incorporate fluctuating exchange rates between US$ and Canadian dollar. Additionally, economic plunge and decline in the travelling trends following the U.S.’s terrorist attack on 11/9/2001 are other risks faced by VS. Concurrently, hiked competition among the remaining Quebec tour operators and other players in the industry forms a considerable risk. Stakeholders in this situation Stakeholders in this situation incorporate VS Inc. (as a tour operator), suppliers to the company, clients, airline corporations, foreign exchange markets, other tour operators, international hotels, and other significant parties. Precisely, the stakeholders of this situation are numerous. They range from the travel industry players to the government agencies handling security concerns. The future of the Canadian travel industry and the Canadian currency at this s tage (case date) The future of the Canadian travel industry is stunning. It is evident that the industry has been growing tremendously in the recent past despite the mentioned challenges. From the case study provided, it has restored its stability after the incidence of 9/11/2001, which created instability in the industry due to insecurity concerns. This is a crucial provision when considered critically in regard to the fates of the Canadian travel industry. Internationalisation of various organisational activities and stabilization of foreign exchange provisions have contributed to the recent growth of the industry. Additionally, the Canadian dollar has been stabilising against the US$. This will curb the risks faced when dealing with international exchange rates. Additionally, the Canadian travel operators can easily transact or pay their clients in US$ minus making considerable losses.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Options available to the company and the consequences VS Inc. is considering various options so as to handle the current situation critically. Firstly, it considers waiting until October to exchange the Canadian dollar at the then prevailing rates. This option is risky in case the exchange rates between US$ and Canadian dollar destabilises to the negative. Additionally, it is not possible to predict the situation as evident in the case study provided. The second option is to employ forward contracts for the entire payables. The consequence of this option is unpredictability in the US$ values. The third option is to buy (using borrowed Canadian dollars) US$ as at April 1, 2002 and trade them 6 months later. Consequences of this option incorporate the unpredictability of the situation. The company might gain or lose money in the coming 6 months.. Recommendable actions It is recommendable for the company to borrow Canadian dollars. It can then buy US dollars and trade them later at the prevailing rates. The borrowing rates will allow the company to regain its capital and remain with some money to cater for the foreign exchange risks experienced in the industry. This case study on Voyages Soleil was written and submitted by user Blake Velasquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gamification in Education

Gamification in Education Often the term â€Å"gamification† is met with controversy, resistance and confusion, as it is not completely clear what is meant by its implementation into education. If you strip away all of the additional information that has been added over the years, gamification is simply adding elements that are usually related to games or game-like activities into the classroom. Some examples of these features include: points, a focus on competition and a clear set of rules. This does not just mean games that are used in the classroom but rather activities or tasks that have game-like features added to them. This is an important difference to note. It seems like a straightforward concept but it is usually poorly implemented within education. This misuse can range from gamification being a mild yet useless distraction right to transforming an educational program into a farce of games masquerading as learning opportunities. In this article we will look at the best use of gamification and how it can increase the overall retention of information. We will also provide a range of methods to successfully bring gamification into everyday classroom activities without it becoming a waste of the student’s time.   More Complex Than Playing Games Often students, teachers and parents make the mistake of thinking that gamification is simply adding games to the classroom. There is a famous range of games that are considered educational but this is not the same as the concept of gamification. This is explained further in a great article by Steven Isaacs. To better understand the key differences between games, game-based activities and gamification, here are some points to consider: Win or Lose? In gamification there is not always a built-in chance of losing. The purpose is to motivate the students to learn or to take action and therefore there shouldn’t be any form of demotivation. This is why the focus is always on achievement and the attainment of new goals. Content – The game features are added to the educational system rather than the focus being on content, such as with traditional games or game-based learning. This is why gamification usually has in-depth storylines, which makes it an easier and less time-consuming system to implement. Objective – The main aim for gamification is for the participants to collect points as a form of reward. This is in direct contrast with games or game-based learning, as these forms of education have strictly defined learning objectives or even no objective at all. Gamification, therefore, has a wider and more flexible learning style that means students can develop knowledge rather than immediately stopping once a certain goal has been reached. For more details there is a useful infographic that shows the major differences between gamification, games and game-like activities. In More Detail   By now you will have a better picture and understanding of what gamification really is in a general sense. This is a good start and will now allow us to shift the focus to not what it is, but rather why it is important and significant in education today. Before we look at why gamification has become widely used and what the benefits are, we must first examine a brief history of this theory. The first example of gamification came in 1896 when stamps were sold to retailers and then used to reward loyal customers. This was all put into motion by marketers that claimed great success and results in reinforcing buying behavior and company engagement. In the 70s the theory began to form with Thomas Malone publishing, â€Å"What Makes Things Fun to Learn: A Study of Intrinsically Motivating Computer Games† in 1980. After this work was published companies, such as American Airlines, Holiday Inn and National Car Rental, began implementing reward systems for their customers. While gamification has been present ever since, it was not until Nick Pelling coined the official term in 2003. For businesses, consumers and lifelong learners, gamification is now a mainstream approach and a way of life with support and funding from many official bodies. To put things simply, the growth of gamification has established a place in both the workforce and education because it has been proven to be successful, whether it is with consumers gaining rewards for flying frequently or students achieving better test results. The reason for this success is due to the fact that this approach makes any task more interactive and essentially playful. This includes: Providing Goals. This offers the consumer or the student a step or a level to get to. This means that there is a visual progress throughout the process. Keeping The Participant Motivated. Having goals is a good way to stay motivated. This, paired with being able to get rewards, keeps the learner or the consumer interested and motivated to continue to focus on the task. Constant Rewards. What is better than getting rewards for your work or for your loyalty? This gives real value to any progress that is being made.   In these ways, gamification can make anything more enjoyable and hook users into a process of learning. This means that consumers will be more likely to buy from one company or buy more often as they are being rewarded for doing so. Students will reap different educational benefits. What Teachers Can Expect From Gamification The same principles that are applied to gamification in any setting can be successfully used in the classroom. The strength of this theory in schools is something that can create synergy between classroom learning as focused on by the teacher and classroom learning becoming a focus for students. Few students would say that the normal classroom setting is playful or enjoyable. Gamification is something that changes that by giving students the goals and rewards as previously mentioned, but this can also have lasting positive effects in other areas. This process will: Motivate students to become more involved, Give teachers better tools for teaching and for giving out appropriate rewards, Encourage students to present their full capacity for learning at all times. Gamification shows students that learning can be more interactive, they can receive rewards to give value to their work and that formal and informal educational settings can combine for great results. Teachers can expect their students to be more self-motivated in the classroom. Rather than pulling teeth to get students to sit down and work through problems, they will want to work towards goals and reach those achievements on their own. Removing some aspects of having a formal learning environment can be extremely beneficial in the sense that students will not necessarily view the gamification aspects as uninteresting but rather will participate in active learning. While immediate benefits are regularly seen by teachers in the way students view the classroom, in their approach and their results, there are other advantages to consider that will follow the students throughout their learning career and life. These include: Modern Life Skills It is especially important for students to gain the skills necessary for them to enter into the 21st century as successful citizens. This means giving students access to technology and programs that will show them the real life situations. Students will develop a new framework for understanding the tasks around them and their school environment through gamification and being able to work within a reward system similar to many work situations. Deeper Understanding This theory will promote a better understanding of issues and solutions. Gamification helps students understand which problems need to be fixed, create systems of thinking that will promote a solution and maintain the effectiveness of those solutions. Students will be able to be creative throughout this process and this is actively encouraged. Promote Creative Thinking Students are able to experiment more as they learn. By testing the rules and the roles they are a part of, students will be able to understand the boundaries of the situation and of their learning. This promotes more awareness of the student’s self and abilities. Love of Learning The encouraged lifelong pursuit of learning is another side effect of introducing gamification and using it as a tool in the classroom. Students will no longer find learning a dull experience but rather something to be approached with the intent to achieve a goal and become a better person overall. Engaging the Learner Gamification, if implemented correctly, makes education more engaging and enjoyable. The learning environment can be more creative, playful and free as students have the game-like features of their education promoting a subject in a more digestible manner. The potential for gamification in practice and the results can be endless depending on how it is used and implemented. If these reasons are not enough for you to become invested in this method then we have included examples of specific learning programs and procedures that have been proven to be effective in the classroom.   The Success Stories   Gamification can be a useful classroom tool that will encourage a student’s natural desire to learn by presenting them with interesting materials and tasks with aspects of games built into them. The effectiveness of this education method has been proven time and time again. Here are some noteworthy examples: The World Peace Game. This is a political simulation for the classroom that is game-based but is more of a scenario task for students to carry out. Created by John Hunter in Virginia, this version of gamification is designed to teach the children about being a part of the global community and the complexity of relationships between different nations around the world.How does it work? The teacher introduces the information students need to interact. This is generally a scenario with details about the resources of a country, their political positions, issues they face and various other important pieces of information. The students use these facts and achieve cooperation and positive relationships. While this specific case of gamification is marketed as a game, the details give students focus and goals while they work. Pai’s Class. This is a digitally assisted learning environment for students. In this kind of classroom, students use various devices to access games, programs and the Internet in conjunction with their studies. This means that students will be learning about a particular subject or many subjects and be introduced to basic concepts using technology. This use of technology and age-appropriate graphics has increased interest and improved overall test scores. Students can reach different levels and get rewards for their success within the technology that they use. This is a school of gamification that can be used across many different age groups and with a wide range of subjects and topics. Coursera. This is an educational technology that operates collaboratively with leading universities to make their courses available to students for free. This is an example of gamification that applies to higher-level learning rather than the more commonly thought of elementary school environment. This program requires students to watch videos on their subjects of choice and then submit assignments and tests for evaluation. In this process students can level up and receive badges and rewards for their achievements. There is also a level of interaction between students to enhance the overall learning experience and create a community feeling. Bringing The Theory Into The Classroom We Haven’t Been Properly Introduced It is very difficult to immediately include a full range of gamification techniques into the classroom. Some of the most challenging aspects are: Getting students to the idea of a constant reward system, Fully understanding a potentially complex system before putting it into place, Creating the unique style of gamification that suits the specific group of students. When first starting to use gamification, it is a good idea to focus on educational games. Many classrooms have game-related activities built into the daily routine but not all focus on the concept of being rewarded, beyond the student being able to enjoy the process of learning. Including gamification concepts in the classroom is easy by gently adapting existing games that students are familiar with. By including badges, achievements, points and other aspects of the theory, any game-based activity becomes a starting point for implementing the theory as a whole. Here are some classic games that are easily transformed into tools for gamification. Scheduled Doses – A common issue with this theory is choosing the right time to include it in the daily timetable of a classroom. It is a huge task for students to go from nothing to absolutely everything they do being point-based. By selecting activities that will have a system based on points and building from there, the atmosphere will become implemented slowly and it will quickly spread to other activities, usually at the student’s request. It is important to not try to make gamification an all-or-nothing system and to integrate it into a full curriculum. One of the best places to start are grades. Instead of using the traditional system you can equate these to terms that remind students of games. This includes concepts such as: Achievements, XP points, Badges, Lives, Levels, If you are creative, then it is fun to invent all of the ways that your class’ favorite video game references can be implemented into the grading system. For some inspiration there are fantastic suggestions here. Foster Competition – It is a common theme in education to not create too much competition between students but this is crucial for gamification to be successful. There has to be a desire for points and this is important to foster, especially at the beginning. There are several ways that the teacher can encourage competition including: Leaderboards – Making the number one spot publicly means that students will know what they need to do to get higher on the board. Prizes – Whether this is something relatively small or more coveted, having a prize to reflect the achievements will help develop a competitive nature in the students. Having more of a focus than simply points has a great overall benefit on the energy levels in a classroom and the desire to achieve more through the education system. It is, however, still important to keep a balance between a cooperative and a competitive classroom. To see how to do this more effectively you should definitely check out this article.   Equalize The Playing Field It is a common misconception that gamification is only suited to extroverts. By introducing the aspects of gamification into quieter more introverted activities you will be able to level the playing field and provide the benefits to the entire class. One of the greatest tools for this is the range of apps available for quieter quizzing. The use of the app is on an individual level but the points or XP can be easily tracked and added to a collective leaderboard. This research is indispensable when you are trying to better understand how to implement gamification for both introverts and extroverts.   Common Mistakes To Avoid It is often said that the use of gamification can be potentially harmful. There are several reported reasons for this but it should be noted that the most common cause of gamification failing is due to mistakes made with the implementation of the theory. Here are some of the most common errors made by educators. They are not necessarily made by those new to gamification but they can also develop over time as the original idea becomes stale with the students in the educational system. Focusing on the successful implementation and the maintenance of that focus can really make a difference in the results observed in the classroom. Winning Isn’t Everything – One of the most common errors that educators make is crafting the classroom to be too focused on achieving points. Having students too focused on winning means that the educational value of the tasks will be lost.   The reason that this happens is almost always because the stakes are too high or the prizes are too desirable. It is the duty of the teacher to put themselves in the mindset of their student and choose prizes that are desirable enough without them becoming the main focus. This issue might seem contradictory to the push for prizes and points mentioned previously, but it should be considered how exactly this has to be done for your specific class. A good way to avoid this from happening is to keep the focus on: â€Å"Does this result in learning?† This will ensure that winning is always secondary to a learning objective. Too Much Reward – The concept of gamification is often oversimplified when it is put into place. It is a common belief that it is the achieving of goals that drives the students forward and this means they create systems that awards points or achievements almost arbitrarily. If the success is not meaningful and consistent then the students will quickly lose interest. Students need to feel like they are really progressing whilst they are earning points and getting rewards.   At first this can be a very laborious task of continually checking the reward system and keeping to strict rules, but once the students get a hang of the system it will start to regulate itself.   Not Integrating The System – Whether this is treating gamification as an isolated learning technique or not following up on a natural process, not bringing it fully into the daily schedule means it is usually a waste of time. It should be a solid part of a larger curriculum that gives students a chance to get to know the system and fully benefit from it.   This should be balanced when you first introduce this theory into the classroom so that it is not overwhelming. In the end, however, the theory should be a normal part of the overall educational approach.

Writing a Character Reference Full Template

Writing a Character Reference Full Template SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thoreau once wrote, â€Å"The language of friendship is not words but meanings.† In the case of a character reference, the language of friendship involves both words and meanings. If you’re tasked with writing a character reference, then your mission is to write about your friend and all her amazing qualities. How exactly can you fulfill this mission of writing an outstanding character reference? This guide will help you through the writing process with a template for your letter. To begin, let’s go over the purpose of a character reference. What’s the Purpose of a Character Reference? You might have a friend, relative, or neighbor ask you to write a character reference. You usually base this reference on your personal, rather than professional, relationship with the subject. There are a few different reasons why someone might need you to write her a character reference. In the Professional World... Some people need a character reference for a job. Hiring managers could ask for one as a way to get to know the candidate on a more personal level. They might also want to make sure the candidate is trustworthy, particularly if the job calls for a high level of ethics. My friend, for instance, recently provided a referencefor his friend applying to the U.S. State Department. If the applicant didn’t provide at least three great character references, then there was no way he was gettinghigh level security clearance. Another reason that a job candidate might seek a character reference is to use it as a supplement to her application. If she’s young and hasn’t had many jobs before, then she may add a personal letter to support her cause. Outside the Professional World... Outside of job applications, there are other circumstances that call for a personal recommendation. Someone might be applying to a position in the community, like membership in a local club. Students could need a character reference as they apply to scholarships or awards. People looking to adopt or provide foster care for a child often need character references. They also seek them when trying to buy a house or condo. Finally, character references can also be used to support someone in court. The purpose of your letter will shape what you say to some extent. For this article, I’ll focus on a character reference that gives insight into someone’s personal attributes and could most realistically be used for a job or volunteer-type position. In a general sense, all character references share the same mission: to reveal the subject’s personal strengths and to show support. If you’ve taken on this mission, how can you produce a memorable character reference? This guide will lead you through the writing process, step by step. Whether your friend wants to get a job, buy a house, or go on the next mission to Mars, your character reference should explain why she's the best person for the role. Writing a Character Reference: 4 Steps While there are several ingredients that go into producing a strong letter, there are two in particular that stand out. The first is organizing your thoughts in a clear and meaningful way. The second is giving specific examples to paint a picture of the subject. These are two of the most important lessons in crafting a strong letter, but also two of the most challenging to carry out. To help you meet this challenge, I’ve broken down the writing process into four steps. The first, you might be happy to hear, doesn’t require you to do any writing yet! Step 1: Speak to theCandidate The responsibility for this first step of the letter writing process actually falls on the shoulders of the person asking for the letter. She should share details of the letter’s purpose, whether it’s for a job, community position, or house, for example. She might have ideas for qualities or stories you could share in your letter. If the position seeks someone with a strong code of ethics, then the candidate should let you know to highlight instances when she showed honesty and integrity. The subject of your letter might also share her resume or any other relevant materials. By getting all the important details, you can make sure your character reference is customized and relevant. You both might brainstorm ideas together, too, which brings us to the next stage of the reference writing process. Step 2: Brainstorm Ideas for Your Reference This second stage of your character reference writing process is all about preparation. Take a few moments to gather your thoughts and sort through your ideas for the letter. What qualities jump out when you think about the candidate? What anecdotes could you share to support your evaluation? Why does she deserve to get the position or move into the neighborhood? Some qualities that could jog your thinking include, Ethical, honest, trustworthyDetermined, goal-oriented, hard-workingFair, honestGenerous, giving, helpfulCreative, curiousConsiderate, empathetic, kindLoyal, committed, reliableResponsible, matureCharming, funny, lighthearted, charismaticEasygoing, lightheartedIntelligent, studiousOrganizedPatient, supportive, sensitiveGood listenerGood communicator, well-spokenIndependentResilient Once you’ve brainstormed qualities, pick out three or so to highlight. These should really capture the subject, as well as be relevant to the situation. If you’re writing a letter for a babysitting job, then you might want to zoom in on the candidate’s caring and responsible nature. If you’re supporting someone’s application to buy a house, then you might focus more on her reliability or neighborlyqualities. Once you’ve chosen your top three, think about specific anecdotes you could share when the candidate demonstrated those qualities. As you’ll see in the template below, you should share two to three specific examples to really illustrate the person and validate your description. Once you’ve thought of some ideas, you’re ready to start drafting! Ready to start drafting? Use the roadmap below to reach your destination! Step 3: Draft Your Character Reference with this Template Once you’ve arrived at the drafting stage, you should have some idea of what you want to say in your character reference. You know what the letter is for and have thought of some ways to describe your friend. Once you have yourideas, you can follow a pretty straightforward structure for producing your letter. The following template will go over this structure, piece by piece. To begin, let’s start with basic contact information. Insert Contact Information at the Top Ideally, you can address your reference to a specific person. Writing to a specific person is more personal than, â€Å"To Whom It May Concern.† If it’s not possible, though, then a more generalized greeting is fine. If you have official letterhead with your contact information at the top then you should go ahead and use it. If not, then you might write out your contact information on the top left margin, followed by the addressee’s contact information. Your contact information could look something like this: Joe SmithSchool DirectorFun Among Us Daycare5 Main St.Anytown, CA 90210 Below your contact information, insert the details for the person to whom you’re writing, like this: Stella McKayDirectorA+ Tutoring60 School St.Booktown, TX 73344 Below this contact information, start your letter with a salutation of, â€Å"Dear [name].† Once you have your contact information set, you can start in on the introduction. Paragraph 1: The Introduction Now you’re ready to start your letter. You should start out strong with a statement of support. Some positive phrases include, I am honored to support...I am pleased to provide a reference for...I am delighted to be called upon...I am happy to recommend...I have no hesitation in recommending...It’s my pleasure to recommend... Here are a couple examples for starting your letter: 1. It’s my pleasure to recommend Jackieto the position of Intelligence Operations Officer with the U.S. Secret Service. 2. I’m very happy to recommend Aaronfor membership in the Hometown Community Service Club. 3. I’m pleased to provide a reference for Alishaas she seeks a nannying position with your family. In addition to starting out strong, you should also explain who you are and how you know the candidate. Qualify the nature of your relationship so that the reader understands why your opinion is a valuable one. Here are a fewexamples for your next sentence. 1. I met Jackie, my assigned roommate, on the first day of college, and we continued to live together for the next four years. Despite living in different cities aftergraduation, we've remained close friends. 2. Aaron and I developed a strong friendship since he moved in next door four years ago. 3. As Alisha's aunt, I've watched her grow up into a mature and responsible young woman who's always her cousins' first pick for Saturday night babysitter. Once you’ve introduced yourself, you could give a brief summary of what qualities you’ll touch on in the rest of your letter. For example, these lines set up the content in the next couple of paragraphs: 1. Jackie inspiredme with her ethics, intelligence, and ambition throughout our college years and beyond. 2. Aaron's an exceptional neighbor and friend whoactively contributes to the well-being of our community. 3. Alisha's a reliable, warm, and creative person who's skilled atcaring for children of all ages. Overall, your introductory paragraph should consist ofthreeto five sentences. Show your support right off the bat, and make sure to explain who you and why your reference holds weight. Indicate the reason for the reference, and give a brief description of the candidate. Then you can flesh out this description in two to three body paragraphs. Body Paragraphs You couldinclude two to three body paragraphs, depending on what qualities you want to touch on. Each paragraph should have a specific focus; for instance, you could highlight one facet of the person’s character and pair it with an anecdote. You should order the body paragraphs starting with the most relevant point. Consider what qualities the reader of your letter is looking for. What will be most helpful and impressive? Put that quality first. Here are a couple examples for body paragraphs. 1. Jackie is a person of high moral character. Her strong sense of ethics came through in discussions in and out of our political science classes. A real-life ethical test came along junior year, when she found a wallet with hundreds of dollars of cash outside. Keeping any of the money didn’t seem to occur to Jackie for a second, and she tracked down its owner and mailed it back first-class. She’s always someone I can trust to do the right thing and is the first person I think to call when confronted with my own moral dilemmas. 2. Aaron is motivated by a strong sense of social responsibility. He makes a difference everyday in his position as physical education teacher at the middle school and volunteer coach of the soccer and wrestling teams. Last year, the district recognized his contributions with the Coach of the Year award. One of his soccer players, who’d been identified as an at-risk student, said a few touching words about how Aaron believed in him and helped him feel reconnected to school. Aaron's a much-lovedteacher and coach who’s committed to the well-being of his students. 3. Alisha is a creative person who’s able to keep even my energetic kids engaged and happy. She’s chock full of ideas for art projects, sports competitions, and make-believe games. Last time she watched her cousins, they ended up putting together and acting out their own production of Frozen. She’s great at devising activities that are fun, safe, and surprisingly effective at getting kids active and away from their iPads. Of course, your body paragraphs will be customized to the individual. The basic formula of â€Å"description + anecdote† is useful to keep in mind as you draft these. You’ll find a summary of a basic template for the body paragraphs of your character reference below. First, though, let’s consider the final paragraph of your letter, the conclusion. Conclusion and Signature After wrapping up the body paragraphs, you’ve reached the end of your character reference. Your conclusion can just be three to five sentences long, and its content is pretty straightforward. First, you can reiterate your support or high opinion of the candidate. Here are a couple examples of how to do this: 1. In closing, I'd like to reiterate my unequivocal support for Jackie as she seeks appointment to the Secret Service. 2. As you can tell, I think the world of Aaron and recommend him for membership in Hometown Community Service Club without hesitation. 3. Alisha has my highest recommendation as a childcare provider and all-around great human being. Then, you might summarize the points you’ve made or add a few more descriptive words. Remember that the conclusion is your final chance to communicate your recommendation, so you want to leave the reader with a lasting good impression. For instance, you might say something like this: 1. Jackie is not only brilliant,but also a highly ethical person and loyal friend. 2. Aaron's made countlesscontributions to our community and will be able to extend his reach as a club member. 3. Alisha is responsible, patient,and sensitive to the needs of children. Finally, invite the reader to contact you for any further information. Show that you’re happy to confirm your character reference or add anything else via email or phone. You can also thank the reader for her time. 1. Please don't hesitate to contact me for any further information. Thank you for your time. 2. Please feel free to get in touch with any questions. Thank you. At the end, sign your name and print it beneath, perhaps with your phone number and email if they're not at the top of your letter. Then, you’ve reached the end of your character reference! To review, let’s put all the pieces together into this final template. Use the template below to shape your letter from a rough ball of clay to a polished final product. Drafting your Character Reference: Final Template The personal recommendation letter template below reflects the above structure, including the contact information, introductory paragraph, body paragraphs, conclusion, and final signature. YourNamePosition [if relevant]Workplace [if relevant]Street AddressCity, State, Zip Code Addressee's NamePosition [if relevant]Company [if relevant]Street AddressCity, State, Zip Code Dear [Addressee'sName], It's my great pleasure to provide this character reference for[name] for [purpose of letter]. I've been close friends with[name] for the past [number of years]. [Name of candidate] is [two to three descriptors], and I have no doubt that he/she would make an outstanding addition to [company, club, etc]. Please allow me to give threeexamples of her personalstrengths. Body Paragraphs 1 - 3: [Name] stands out for his/her [quality]. Last year, for example, he/she [specific example]. He/she consistently [description of personal attributes]. [Name] is uniquefor his/her [specific qualities].* *Present 2-3 main characteristics of the candidate in the body paragraphs, each with a specific example if possible. Put them in order of importance andrelevance. Usestrongly positive language, but try not to soundover the top. In closing, I'd like to restate my wholeheartedsupport for [name's] as she seeks [purpose of letter]. He/she is [most important qualities]. I have no doubt that she will continue to have great success with [company, club, etc]. Please don't hesitate to contact me for any further information. Thank you for your time. Sincerely, [Signature] NamePosition [if relevant]EmailPhone Number Of course, the body paragraphs leave a lot of space for customization. This space allows you to make your personal recommendation letter unique to the candidate. Once you’ve drafted your letter, you just have one more important step in the writing process. Step 4: Edit for Clarity Before sending off your character reference, take a few minutes to edit and revise. First, make sure there are no spelling or grammar errors. Beyond fixing any mistakes, take a look at your writing and make sure it’s clear. Whoever’s reading your letter may not have a ton of time to look closely at every word. Your letter should leave a powerful impression without requiring a big time commitment from the reader. In other words, your goal isto be concise. If you can make the same impact with fewer words, do so. Eliminate unnecessary adverbs and adjectives that add bulk but not meaning.If a sentence feels cluttered, try your best to clean it up. Once you’ve tightened up your writing, your letter is ready to submit! You’ve produced a well-structured reference that compliments the candidate and gives specific examples that speak toher character. In closing, let’s review the key points to remember about drafting a character reference. This wary cat has no reason to worry. Her canine roommate just finished writing an excellent character reference. He didn't even mention her habit of clawing the couch or knocking over glasses of water. Key Points: Writing a Character Reference If you’re writing a character references, chances are you’re writing about a friend, neighbor, or relative. Your task is to write about this person’s favorable attributes and describe what makes him/her special. The content of your letter will largely be shaped by what it’s being used for. If you’re writing for a job, then you may want to shed light on the subject’s personality and relevant qualities, like ethics and trustworthiness. If you’re writing for membership in a community club, then you might talk about the subject’s community connections or leadership. Whatever your letter’s purpose, it should be strongly positive and use specific examples. Rather than turning into a list of adjectives, your letter should have anecdotes that reveal positive things about the subject. By telling stories and using a clear and concise structure, you can produce a stand-out character referenceandimpress yourreaders! What’s Next? Are you interested in professional letters of recommendation for jobs? This guide contains a recommendation letter template to help you through the writing process. Ready to read some referenceletter samples? This article has nine free samples of recommendation letters, including a character reference! Interested in recommendation letters for college? This guide has four amazing recommendation letter samples written by high school teachers.

The Theory and Practice of Investment Management Essay

The Theory and Practice of Investment Management - Essay Example The computations are shown in the following table. Table no.1 Number of contracts necessary to be hedged Contract Amount $ 7,500,000.00 Hedge Ratio 0.5 Price 97 No of contracts 38660 Part 2 I. In order to close the position, the company should buy futures contracts for March 2013, at the price 97.6. II. The transaction on the futures market brought a loss equal to: no of contracts *(selling price-buying price). The computations are shown in the following table. Table no.2 Final position from the futures transaction Price (short position) 97 Price (long position) 97.6 No of contracts 38660 Loss $ - 23,195.88 Part 3 I. The relationship between the price of the future contract and the interest rates on the market is an inverse relationship. So, for this example, the price of the future contract has raised implying a decline in the interest rate. II. The company has fixed its borrowing cost only for 50% of the exposure. The effective borrowing cost is computed as: r= 100- 97= 3% So, the company will borrow money at 3%. III. The company did not hedge all the risks involved by the transaction above. Firstly, it only hedged 50% of its interest rate exposure. Secondly, risks related to changes in the principal borrowed, or the currency in which this one is expressed are not hedged. Question 2 There are various theories related to dividend policies. One of the most important theories in this matter is the irrelevance thesis of Modigliani and Miller (Fabozzi and Drake, 2009). Under certain assumptions, Modigliani-Miller argues that dividend policy is irrelevant (no taxes, no transaction costs, no issuance costs, no insider information, a fixed investment policy). In other words, the management’s decision to change dividend value does not determine a shift in firm value too because the shareholder wealth is determined by the income generated through the investment policy of the firm, and not the way the firm distributes the income (Miller and Modigliani, 1961). Ano ther theory is based on the â€Å"bird - in – the- hand† hypothesis. This assumes that the financial markets are characterized by uncertainty and imperfect information, and because of this, dividends should be considered differently than retained earnings. Moreover, all investors would want to receive dividends i.e. cash (â€Å"bird-in-the-hand†) rather than future capital gains from the evolution of the stock (â€Å"two in the bush†). So, a firm which offers a high dividend ratio would deliver good signals to the market, boosts the stock market, and finally increases the firm’s value (Walter, 1963). A theory which contradicts the â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† theory is based on the tax-effect hypothesis. This theory states that a lower dividend policy would lower the cost of capital of the firm and in this way increase the stock value and the shareholders wealth (Bajaj and Anand, 1990). The starting point for this conclusion is considering the hi gher taxation of dividends compared to capital gains. Furthermore, the dividends are taxed right after are paid, whereas capital gains are taxed until the moment of sell. This consideration of tax advantages of capital gains compared with receiving dividend determine investors to be attracted of companies with higher retained earnings than a higher dividend policy (Pettit, 1977). Considering the company Swan Dane Ltd., which is keeping constant a high dividend policy, can be supported by the â€Å"

Situational analysis and action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Situational analysis and action plan - Essay Example Through the efforts of our dedicated teachers, the school will manage to increase total pupil retention levels by a wide margin. This, unfortunately, is not enough to maintain the positive competitive edge needed to stand out as an educational leader in the 21st Century. Teachers will need to put their many talents together with the dedicated school leadership and parents and assist the school in meeting the new educational mission. That’s what we intend to find out. A series of strategy seminars are planned, as an initial path forward, to identify which teachers maintain the specific skills most appropriate for different student age groups. These strategy seminars are designed to let teachers know where the school is specifically moving as part of a path forward mentality (Bush, 2004). It is important to develop a team-based philosophy between different teachers, leaders, students and parents areas, and this intervention program will be beneficial in improving the relationship between teachers and students. These will further be designed as open forums in which questions can be proposed to teachers, school managers and concerned parents who might attend these publicized strategy seminars. Improving parent-teacher relations will only enhance the educational goals of the school and make it excel in the interpersonal group dynamic. The long-term benefits of these initial strategy sessions are to identify k ey skills with different teachers and apply relationship-based learnings to motivate students. The school requires the adopting of a systems-oriented organisation in which various interdependencies exist, such as the linkage between teacher skills and student learning. In order for one area of the school to stand as a leader, it involves personal mastery of job role function. Personal mastery refers to focusing on spirit, patience, and the

A report on dry bulk shipping

A report on dry bulk shipping Shipping is indubitably one of the fascinating industries in the world. It requires vast knowledge and skill to cop up with the day to day operations because of the complexity of the industry and its dependence on world economics. Dry Bulk ships carry dry cargoes in bulk from one port to another and can be categorised into handysize,  handymax,  panamax,  capesize, and very large bulk and ore carriers according to their sizes. The performance of the bulk shipping market depends on the demand for and supply of bulk shipping services, as well as the characteristics of the market structure. The importance of shipping cycle in case of dry bulk carrier is that they plays a vital part in the economics of shipping industry by managing the investment risk in an industry ,where there is large uncertainty about the future (Stopford,2009) Section 1 Literature Review One of the major aspects affecting the future of dry bulk shipping is the quality and the safety perspective. Nominal freight differentiation between quality and other tonnage has been observed occasionally and much services has been paid to promoting the need for younger and safer ships (Tamvakis  and Thanopoulou,2000) Another factor that can influence maritime flows of dry bulk commodity is seasonality patterns .Spot rates for bigger vessels shows higher seasonal variations compared to smaller vessels, although differences in seasonal fluctuations between sectors are removed as the contract duration increases.   (Kavussanos and Alizadeh,2001) Investing in shipping industry has an entirely new aspect by the introduction of private equity and the development of a hedging strategy, now this can be treated as a portfolio optimization problem. The freight futures provide a comparatively novel medium for hedging risk in  dry bulk  shipping markets. New uprising financial strategies in dry bulk shipping in future can revolutionize the entire market.( Cullinane,1995) Duration analysis done by Bijwaard G.E and Knapp.S provides an insight to the effectiveness of prolonging ship lives and the empirical data solidifies the idea about the life span of dry bulk carrier. Life span is an important aspect in predicting the ship cycle(Bijwaard and Knapp,2009)Scrapping of ship is done at a particular time and this is done when the ship is retired from the current use or when shipping cycle demands it. Gain and losses after the scrapping of a ship . entirely depends on the market condition. Demand of Dry bulk shipping is always related to the scrapping industry.(Knapp,2008) The Government is proposing that the UKs CO2 emissions should fall by at least 80% by 2050 . Release of exhaust gases and particles from oceangoing  ships is an important and growing provider to the total emissions from the transportation sector. New strategies like slow steam, alternate fuel and new logistic approach like jumbo ore carriers etc will be used in future to make the shipping sector more eco friendly(Eyring et al,2010) Research Hypothesis Marine flow of dry bulk goods in 2050 will be largely influenced on numerous factors and the background study done above concretes this statement. From the background study done above following hypothesis are made. The changing investment strategy like private equity and development of hedging strategy in worlds dry bulk shipping can promote the ship owners to invest in new ships and it can also attract new ship owners to the industry .If the scrapping doesnt goes in proportion with the production ,it could affect the supply and demand of dry bulk goods and there would be frequent interference of shipping cycle The design, tonnage and operation of dry bulks ships in 2050 can vary a lot from the present. Carriers like jumbo ore carriers and trend to containerisation can be the future of dry bulk shipping .Seasonality and size issues at present might be totally vanished in the future. Developed countries like United Kingdom are concentrating more on environmental issues caused by shipping industries and UKs target to reduce CO2 emission by 80% in 2050 can have great influence in marine transportation of dry bulk commodities. This is mainly because in future government may bring controls to ships having co2 emission more than 80% which can result in restricting ships entering into UK ports. Now this can lead to change in the flow of dry bulk goods in and out of UK. Both the demand for shipping services and shipping rates in 2050 will be positively related to the shipping cycle. Section 2 Data Analysis Origin of the data used in this research was mainly collected from Thomson Reuters Datastream, OECD.stat, Shipping Intelligence Network by Clarksons Research and United Nations Statistics Division.The other data source used in this research is Lloyds Shipping Economist The Shipping Intelligence Network according to Clarksons Research is one of the top on line commercial shipping database and almost all related data required for this research like Baltic Freight Index and the fleet size were collected from this source. Data required for shipping cycle are collected from Thomson Reuters DataStream which is according to their webpage the largest financial database in the world. Some data were also collected from OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and United Nations Statistics Division The data for the supply and demand are accessible from a centralised table called Supply and Demand Data in Lloyds economist. The data required for supply and demand of dry bulk carrier were collected from those tables for the current analysis of the bulk carrier market The time series that were taken from Lloyds shipping are stated below Total demand and supply of bulk carrier fleet in million DWT Total size of bulk carrier fleet adapting slow steaming strategy Total number of bulk carriers order book in million DWT The number of bulk carriers order book should be taken serious as there is an interval of two years from the order to the delivery. The data for supply and surplus of the fleet following slow steam strategy is either laid up or in-active are calculated in tons of dead weight To analyse the dry bulk shipping cycle it is useful to study how the key variables in this market have developed over time. It is very difficult to find the accurate measures of cycles ,representing the demand for shipping service and hence it not easy to find a relationship between dry bulk shipping and shipping cycle in general .To measure the freight rates in dry bulk shipping BFI(Baltic Freight Index) can be used (Glen and Rogers1997) Even though the BFI (Baltic Freight Index) ceased to exist when Baltic Exchange Dry Index was introduced, till today it has been calculated and reported by Clarksons Research Shelley (2003), As demonstrated in the Figure some striking changes are recorded in the freight rates of dry bulk shipping in recent years. The BFI reached at its maximum level in October 2007, followed by a dramatic fall in 2008.Figure(b) shows that the volatility of the freight rates have increased significantly after 2002-03 If a Comparison is done between figure 1 and figure 2 some similarities can be observed like increased freight rates in 2003-04 are matched by increasing total bulker sales and similarly the vice versa in the year 2005 and 2008 and hence a co-relation between freight rate and bulker sales can analysed from the above figures. Figures also expose a trend in increased volatility in total bulker sales during the period 2003-2008.c(Clarkson,2010) The augmented volatility in current years point towards that the fleet is almost equal to the current capacity limit. During the high capacity period, demand shocks have a great impact on freight rates. This can be a logical explanation of the hugely increased freight rates in the recent periods of boom in the world economy GDP for OECD, USA, Japan and China can be used to determine shipping cycles. The GDP of OECD is used as a alternative variable for world production, while the GDP of the US, Japan, and China represents the economic activity and demand for shipping services in three very important countries in world trade.(OECD,2010) The figures are based on data from the Shipping Intelligence Network by Clarksons Research and Thomson Reuters DataStream -2 All quarterly variables, the GDP of OECD, USA, Japan, and China from OECD stat helped us in finding that, these variables are non-stationary, as is the relevant time series for the Baltic Freight Index. The BFI from Clarkson led to the conclusion that all the shipping cycle are co related with the BFI.The sources that are used in this research gave us a larger perspective of the research objective and found out that, identifying the shipping cycle is a difficult process because there is much less previous researches done on this topic. Section 3 Demand and Supply Model for Dry Bulk shipping In present day there are number of models which have been developed to forecast and explain freight rate by examining the factors influencing the demand and supply of the respective services..Tinbergen(1934) model is considered to be one of the oldest econometric application.(Beenstock and Vergottis,1993).In new models the basic concept and idea are similar but the models have become more sophisticated by the application of new techniques . In 1980 a model was developed and presented in Strandenes and Wergeland which was named as NORBULK model. This model is considered to be one of the important econometric technique in predicting the freight rate in dry bulk shipping. The NORBULK model is based on the assumption that the demand for transportation of dry bulk commodities is determined by the freight rates, the trade patterns, and variables reflecting the macroeconomic situation A Graphical illustration of NORBULK model is shown above. From the illustration it is clear that demand and supply of dry shipping services are assumed to be influenced by the freight rate and at the same time equilibrium freight rates reflect the demand and supply of the shipping services. The model also explains the fact that macro economic conditions (the product capacity and cycle situation)influence the trade of bulk commodities which can alter the demand for transportation of dry bulk commodity. The speciality of NORBULK model from other models is that the other models are concentrated on major bulk commodities separately. The relation between trade and aggregated macroeconomic condition is one of the distinct features of NORBULK model. Supply part of the NORBULK model accounts for the size of the fleet, the fuel price, and the freight rates. The shape of the supply curve in a specific market reflects the relationship between the freight rate and the supply of shipping services, while, for instance, changes in the size of the fleet cause shifts in the supply curve. A characteristic shape of a supply curve in dry bulk shipping Ton miles is the measurement for supply and demand in sea transport and this is equal to the average haul multiplied by the tonnage of cargo (Strandenes and Wergeland, 1980) Shipping cycles are not cyclical or regular and hence in true world shipping predicting the shipping cycle are a loose sequence of up and downs and hence predictions in ship cycle is always a tough task. According to Cufley it is totally impossible to predict when the market will move upwards or fall. NORBULK is an example of a model based on the assumption that demand is inversely related to the freight rate. The relationship was estimated to be very inelastic, however. Still, Strandenes and Wergeland (1980) argue that it is potentially important to account for the price elasticity in both supply and demand. There are 10 variables in the demand and supply model which affect the demand for shipping and the supply of ships for the carriage of goods. The variable in the demand for ships are: The world economy, seaborne commodity trades, average haul, political event and transport cost. The variables for supply of ships are: World fleet, fleet productivity, ship building productions, scrapping and losses and freight rates.(Stopford,2010).Difficulty of analysing the above variables is daunting. The world economy is complex and sometimes we have to wait for years for the availability of the detailed statistics for accurate evaluation .Many of the variables mentioned above are highly un predictable and hence the forecasting must be considered as a process to clarify the risk rather than creating certainty. Working of NORBULK model is not focused on a particular commodity and it gives a general result which can be applicable to all the dry bulk carriers. New developed models used in dry bulk shi pping concentrates more on a specific commodity and there is always possibility that when modelling a particular commodity bulk carrier new models might be more accurate than NORBULK model. Assumptions made in developing the model sometimes can be far away from the reality and this can always result in wrong forecasting or prediction. Conclusion: It is always interesting to follow the future development of the dry bulk shipping market. In our opinion to understand the basic forces controlling the development of freight rates and shipping volume both econometric and theoretical analysis are very significant . On analysing the economic market we were able to understand the relations that are believed to exist between factors. We were also able to discover that the reason for shipping cycles to exist are the inelasticity of supply in shipping market which disables supply to meet the demand in the short run. Journals Bijwaard,G.E and Knapp,S (2009) Analysis of ship cycles The impact of economic cycles and ship inspections Journal on marine Policy, Vol 33, Issue 2, pp-(350-360) Cullinae,K(1995) A portfolio analysis of market investments in dry bulk shipping Transportation Research Part B: Methodological(June)Vol 29, Issue 3, pp 181-200 Eyeing,V(et, al)(2010) Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping The ATTICA Assessment Report (Dec)Vol 44,Issue 37,pp 4735-4771 Kaussanos,M.G and Alizadeh,A.H(2001) Seasonality patterns in dry bulk shipping spot and time charter freight rates Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review (December) Vol 37, Issue 6, pp 443-467 Knapp.S (et, al) (2008) Econometric analysis of ship demolition market Journal on Marine policy,) Vol 32, Issue 6, pp-( 1023-1036) Tamavakis,N.T and Thanopoulu,H.a(2000) Does quality pay? The case of the  dry bulk market Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, (December) Vol 36, Issue 4,pp 297-307 Books Stopford, M., 2009, Maritime Economics, 3rd edition, London, Routledge pp 64,424-427,512 Section 2 Clarkson (2010) Available from http://www.clarksons.com/services/overview/?serviceId=418 Accessed on 21st November 2010 Glen, D. R and Rogers, P(1997),Does weight matter? A statistical analysis of the SSY capesize index, Maritime policy and management,pp 24, 351-364 Lloyds Shipping Economist magazines London 2005-2010 Available from http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/markets/lloyds-shipping-economist/ Accessed from 18th November 2010 O.E.C.D (2010) Available from http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=6310340/cl=19/nw=1/rpsv/dotstat.htm. Accessed on 1st December 2010 Shelley, T( 2003) Chinas rapid expansion boosts world shipping industry, Financial Times, 25 November, pp 3 Thomson (2010) Avaialble From http://online.thomsonreuters.com/datastream/ Accessed on 5th December 2010 UNStats(2010) Available from http://unstats.un.org Accessed on 7th December 2010 Section 3 Beenstock, M., Vergottis, A., 1993, Econometric Modelling of World Shipping, london, Chapman Hall Stopford, M., 2009, Maritime Economics, 3rd edition, London, Routledge Wergeland, T. (1981). Norbulk: A simulation model of bulk freight rates. Working Paper 12, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Norway