A report on dry bulk shipping

A report on dry bulk shipping Shipping is indubitably one of the fascinating industries in the world. It requires vast knowledge and skill to cop up with the day to day operations because of the complexity of the industry and its dependence on world economics. Dry Bulk ships carry dry cargoes in bulk from one port to another and can be categorised into handysize,  handymax,  panamax,  capesize, and very large bulk and ore carriers according to their sizes. The performance of the bulk shipping market depends on the demand for and supply of bulk shipping services, as well as the characteristics of the market structure. The importance of shipping cycle in case of dry bulk carrier is that they plays a vital part in the economics of shipping industry by managing the investment risk in an industry ,where there is large uncertainty about the future (Stopford,2009) Section 1 Literature Review One of the major aspects affecting the future of dry bulk shipping is the quality and the safety perspective. Nominal freight differentiation between quality and other tonnage has been observed occasionally and much services has been paid to promoting the need for younger and safer ships (Tamvakis  and Thanopoulou,2000) Another factor that can influence maritime flows of dry bulk commodity is seasonality patterns .Spot rates for bigger vessels shows higher seasonal variations compared to smaller vessels, although differences in seasonal fluctuations between sectors are removed as the contract duration increases.   (Kavussanos and Alizadeh,2001) Investing in shipping industry has an entirely new aspect by the introduction of private equity and the development of a hedging strategy, now this can be treated as a portfolio optimization problem. The freight futures provide a comparatively novel medium for hedging risk in  dry bulk  shipping markets. New uprising financial strategies in dry bulk shipping in future can revolutionize the entire market.( Cullinane,1995) Duration analysis done by Bijwaard G.E and Knapp.S provides an insight to the effectiveness of prolonging ship lives and the empirical data solidifies the idea about the life span of dry bulk carrier. Life span is an important aspect in predicting the ship cycle(Bijwaard and Knapp,2009)Scrapping of ship is done at a particular time and this is done when the ship is retired from the current use or when shipping cycle demands it. Gain and losses after the scrapping of a ship . entirely depends on the market condition. Demand of Dry bulk shipping is always related to the scrapping industry.(Knapp,2008) The Government is proposing that the UKs CO2 emissions should fall by at least 80% by 2050 . Release of exhaust gases and particles from oceangoing  ships is an important and growing provider to the total emissions from the transportation sector. New strategies like slow steam, alternate fuel and new logistic approach like jumbo ore carriers etc will be used in future to make the shipping sector more eco friendly(Eyring et al,2010) Research Hypothesis Marine flow of dry bulk goods in 2050 will be largely influenced on numerous factors and the background study done above concretes this statement. From the background study done above following hypothesis are made. The changing investment strategy like private equity and development of hedging strategy in worlds dry bulk shipping can promote the ship owners to invest in new ships and it can also attract new ship owners to the industry .If the scrapping doesnt goes in proportion with the production ,it could affect the supply and demand of dry bulk goods and there would be frequent interference of shipping cycle The design, tonnage and operation of dry bulks ships in 2050 can vary a lot from the present. Carriers like jumbo ore carriers and trend to containerisation can be the future of dry bulk shipping .Seasonality and size issues at present might be totally vanished in the future. Developed countries like United Kingdom are concentrating more on environmental issues caused by shipping industries and UKs target to reduce CO2 emission by 80% in 2050 can have great influence in marine transportation of dry bulk commodities. This is mainly because in future government may bring controls to ships having co2 emission more than 80% which can result in restricting ships entering into UK ports. Now this can lead to change in the flow of dry bulk goods in and out of UK. Both the demand for shipping services and shipping rates in 2050 will be positively related to the shipping cycle. Section 2 Data Analysis Origin of the data used in this research was mainly collected from Thomson Reuters Datastream, OECD.stat, Shipping Intelligence Network by Clarksons Research and United Nations Statistics Division.The other data source used in this research is Lloyds Shipping Economist The Shipping Intelligence Network according to Clarksons Research is one of the top on line commercial shipping database and almost all related data required for this research like Baltic Freight Index and the fleet size were collected from this source. Data required for shipping cycle are collected from Thomson Reuters DataStream which is according to their webpage the largest financial database in the world. Some data were also collected from OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and United Nations Statistics Division The data for the supply and demand are accessible from a centralised table called Supply and Demand Data in Lloyds economist. The data required for supply and demand of dry bulk carrier were collected from those tables for the current analysis of the bulk carrier market The time series that were taken from Lloyds shipping are stated below Total demand and supply of bulk carrier fleet in million DWT Total size of bulk carrier fleet adapting slow steaming strategy Total number of bulk carriers order book in million DWT The number of bulk carriers order book should be taken serious as there is an interval of two years from the order to the delivery. The data for supply and surplus of the fleet following slow steam strategy is either laid up or in-active are calculated in tons of dead weight To analyse the dry bulk shipping cycle it is useful to study how the key variables in this market have developed over time. It is very difficult to find the accurate measures of cycles ,representing the demand for shipping service and hence it not easy to find a relationship between dry bulk shipping and shipping cycle in general .To measure the freight rates in dry bulk shipping BFI(Baltic Freight Index) can be used (Glen and Rogers1997) Even though the BFI (Baltic Freight Index) ceased to exist when Baltic Exchange Dry Index was introduced, till today it has been calculated and reported by Clarksons Research Shelley (2003), As demonstrated in the Figure some striking changes are recorded in the freight rates of dry bulk shipping in recent years. The BFI reached at its maximum level in October 2007, followed by a dramatic fall in 2008.Figure(b) shows that the volatility of the freight rates have increased significantly after 2002-03 If a Comparison is done between figure 1 and figure 2 some similarities can be observed like increased freight rates in 2003-04 are matched by increasing total bulker sales and similarly the vice versa in the year 2005 and 2008 and hence a co-relation between freight rate and bulker sales can analysed from the above figures. Figures also expose a trend in increased volatility in total bulker sales during the period 2003-2008.c(Clarkson,2010) The augmented volatility in current years point towards that the fleet is almost equal to the current capacity limit. During the high capacity period, demand shocks have a great impact on freight rates. This can be a logical explanation of the hugely increased freight rates in the recent periods of boom in the world economy GDP for OECD, USA, Japan and China can be used to determine shipping cycles. The GDP of OECD is used as a alternative variable for world production, while the GDP of the US, Japan, and China represents the economic activity and demand for shipping services in three very important countries in world trade.(OECD,2010) The figures are based on data from the Shipping Intelligence Network by Clarksons Research and Thomson Reuters DataStream -2 All quarterly variables, the GDP of OECD, USA, Japan, and China from OECD stat helped us in finding that, these variables are non-stationary, as is the relevant time series for the Baltic Freight Index. The BFI from Clarkson led to the conclusion that all the shipping cycle are co related with the BFI.The sources that are used in this research gave us a larger perspective of the research objective and found out that, identifying the shipping cycle is a difficult process because there is much less previous researches done on this topic. Section 3 Demand and Supply Model for Dry Bulk shipping In present day there are number of models which have been developed to forecast and explain freight rate by examining the factors influencing the demand and supply of the respective services..Tinbergen(1934) model is considered to be one of the oldest econometric application.(Beenstock and Vergottis,1993).In new models the basic concept and idea are similar but the models have become more sophisticated by the application of new techniques . In 1980 a model was developed and presented in Strandenes and Wergeland which was named as NORBULK model. This model is considered to be one of the important econometric technique in predicting the freight rate in dry bulk shipping. The NORBULK model is based on the assumption that the demand for transportation of dry bulk commodities is determined by the freight rates, the trade patterns, and variables reflecting the macroeconomic situation A Graphical illustration of NORBULK model is shown above. From the illustration it is clear that demand and supply of dry shipping services are assumed to be influenced by the freight rate and at the same time equilibrium freight rates reflect the demand and supply of the shipping services. The model also explains the fact that macro economic conditions (the product capacity and cycle situation)influence the trade of bulk commodities which can alter the demand for transportation of dry bulk commodity. The speciality of NORBULK model from other models is that the other models are concentrated on major bulk commodities separately. The relation between trade and aggregated macroeconomic condition is one of the distinct features of NORBULK model. Supply part of the NORBULK model accounts for the size of the fleet, the fuel price, and the freight rates. The shape of the supply curve in a specific market reflects the relationship between the freight rate and the supply of shipping services, while, for instance, changes in the size of the fleet cause shifts in the supply curve. A characteristic shape of a supply curve in dry bulk shipping Ton miles is the measurement for supply and demand in sea transport and this is equal to the average haul multiplied by the tonnage of cargo (Strandenes and Wergeland, 1980) Shipping cycles are not cyclical or regular and hence in true world shipping predicting the shipping cycle are a loose sequence of up and downs and hence predictions in ship cycle is always a tough task. According to Cufley it is totally impossible to predict when the market will move upwards or fall. NORBULK is an example of a model based on the assumption that demand is inversely related to the freight rate. The relationship was estimated to be very inelastic, however. Still, Strandenes and Wergeland (1980) argue that it is potentially important to account for the price elasticity in both supply and demand. There are 10 variables in the demand and supply model which affect the demand for shipping and the supply of ships for the carriage of goods. The variable in the demand for ships are: The world economy, seaborne commodity trades, average haul, political event and transport cost. The variables for supply of ships are: World fleet, fleet productivity, ship building productions, scrapping and losses and freight rates.(Stopford,2010).Difficulty of analysing the above variables is daunting. The world economy is complex and sometimes we have to wait for years for the availability of the detailed statistics for accurate evaluation .Many of the variables mentioned above are highly un predictable and hence the forecasting must be considered as a process to clarify the risk rather than creating certainty. Working of NORBULK model is not focused on a particular commodity and it gives a general result which can be applicable to all the dry bulk carriers. New developed models used in dry bulk shi pping concentrates more on a specific commodity and there is always possibility that when modelling a particular commodity bulk carrier new models might be more accurate than NORBULK model. Assumptions made in developing the model sometimes can be far away from the reality and this can always result in wrong forecasting or prediction. Conclusion: It is always interesting to follow the future development of the dry bulk shipping market. In our opinion to understand the basic forces controlling the development of freight rates and shipping volume both econometric and theoretical analysis are very significant . On analysing the economic market we were able to understand the relations that are believed to exist between factors. We were also able to discover that the reason for shipping cycles to exist are the inelasticity of supply in shipping market which disables supply to meet the demand in the short run. Journals Bijwaard,G.E and Knapp,S (2009) Analysis of ship cycles The impact of economic cycles and ship inspections Journal on marine Policy, Vol 33, Issue 2, pp-(350-360) Cullinae,K(1995) A portfolio analysis of market investments in dry bulk shipping Transportation Research Part B: Methodological(June)Vol 29, Issue 3, pp 181-200 Eyeing,V(et, al)(2010) Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping The ATTICA Assessment Report (Dec)Vol 44,Issue 37,pp 4735-4771 Kaussanos,M.G and Alizadeh,A.H(2001) Seasonality patterns in dry bulk shipping spot and time charter freight rates Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review (December) Vol 37, Issue 6, pp 443-467 Knapp.S (et, al) (2008) Econometric analysis of ship demolition market Journal on Marine policy,) Vol 32, Issue 6, pp-( 1023-1036) Tamavakis,N.T and Thanopoulu,H.a(2000) Does quality pay? The case of the  dry bulk market Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, (December) Vol 36, Issue 4,pp 297-307 Books Stopford, M., 2009, Maritime Economics, 3rd edition, London, Routledge pp 64,424-427,512 Section 2 Clarkson (2010) Available from http://www.clarksons.com/services/overview/?serviceId=418 Accessed on 21st November 2010 Glen, D. R and Rogers, P(1997),Does weight matter? A statistical analysis of the SSY capesize index, Maritime policy and management,pp 24, 351-364 Lloyds Shipping Economist magazines London 2005-2010 Available from http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/sector/markets/lloyds-shipping-economist/ Accessed from 18th November 2010 O.E.C.D (2010) Available from http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/vl=6310340/cl=19/nw=1/rpsv/dotstat.htm. Accessed on 1st December 2010 Shelley, T( 2003) Chinas rapid expansion boosts world shipping industry, Financial Times, 25 November, pp 3 Thomson (2010) Avaialble From http://online.thomsonreuters.com/datastream/ Accessed on 5th December 2010 UNStats(2010) Available from http://unstats.un.org Accessed on 7th December 2010 Section 3 Beenstock, M., Vergottis, A., 1993, Econometric Modelling of World Shipping, london, Chapman Hall Stopford, M., 2009, Maritime Economics, 3rd edition, London, Routledge Wergeland, T. (1981). Norbulk: A simulation model of bulk freight rates. Working Paper 12, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Norway

Ultimate Fighting Case Study

Ultimate Fighting Championship (Case 2) The following is an environmental analysis on the mixed martial arts (MMA) fighting competion, Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The parent company, Zuffa, LLC, since the UFC’s purchase, has been trying to legitimize UFC as a sanctioned sport and develop its international growth. The UFC has grown exceedingly in popularity since its founding in 1997. The first section of this report will cover an overview of trends in the segments of the general environment that are external to the company: political/legal, socio-cultural and global, economical, technological, and demographics.The second section will discuss how Under the UFC fits the aspects of Porters Five Forces. The final section will show the competitive and internal analysis along with success strategies. Political/Legal Segment Mixed Martial Arts has been around since the very first Olympics in Athens, Greece. Over time its popularity grew and more people became interested in this sport. The UFC was the first MMA organization that tried to popularize this sport. The original founders of this organization choose marketing techniques that made many people to question the ethics of the sport.There were no time limits, no weight classes, no mandatory safety equipment, and very few rules. As a result, MMA was banned from the majority of U. S. states and the founders decided to sell the organization. The buyers and second owners of the UFC wanted to legitimize MMA as a sport. To do this, they asked states to regulate MMA and needed the government to create regulations and specific rules that fighters follow. Unified Rules and Other Important Regulations of Mixed Martial Arts were created. As of January 2011, MMA was regulated in almost every U. S. tate with the exception of Connecticut, Vermont, and New York. Socio-Cultural and Global Segment The socio-cultural aspect for the industry has to do with society’s attitude toward watching physical violence f or entertainment. MMA has a very loyal fan base. The UFC has done much to turn its image around and further increase viewership. They made Dana White, a former amateur boxer, trainer, and creator of the sports marketing agency, Dana White Enterprises, the face of the organization and part of the UFC brand. White’s popularity and status benefited the UFC’s image.MMA has increased its international presence with events in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Germany to name a few. The MMA has also established television deals to bring the matches to various locations around the world. MMA competitions can now be viewed in Europe, Asia, Australia, South America, North America, and the Middle East. Economical Segment Economic factors can have both a positive and negative effect on the MMA industry. Because Mixed Martial Arts is a luxury and not a necessity, economic growth and recessions is one thing to consider.Economic growth brings more consumer spending and consu mers will be willing to spend more on tickets or PPV events. Economic recessions bring the exact opposite as consumers are willing to spend less on things that they do not need. Another thing to consider is the elasticity of demand. Since MMA events are not a necessity, consumers will not be willing to pay more when prices rise unless they are dedicated fans. Technological Segment The MMA industry depends heavily on technology for success. Television is the primary outlet for this industry.Live events are transmitted on PPV (pay-per-view) so fans who cannot physically be there can still watch it on television. Reality television shows like The Ultimate Fighter and the UFC Countdown are broadcast on Spike TV so fans can get to know the fighters outside of the Octagon. This industry also releases video games so fans can portray their favorite fighters. The UFC launched a video game called â€Å"UFC Undisputed† in 2009 and 2010 to promote upcoming PPV events. MMA organizations a nd fighters now have Twitter and Facebook accounts allowing fans to follow and be kept up to date on current news.Various amounts of MMA smart phone applications are also available in app stores. Demographic Segment The MMA industry looks to attract both males and females of any age and any ethnicity. The reasoning behind this is that everybody has a natural instinct of fighting; it is in our DNA and whether we choose to do it or not, we will always have that urge to fight. Although it is intended for everybody, men, typically between the ages of 18-34, are the main viewers and participators of MMA fights. The reasoning behind this is that males at a younger age are more risk-tolerant than males at older ages.There are very low percentages of female MMA viewers, however the females that do watch and participate in MMA are in the same age gap of 18-34. Organizations such as the UFC and Strikeforce mainly target this specific demographic as it is proven that males between those ages a re the main fans. Porter Five Forces Supplier Power (Low) The supplier power for the MMA industry is low. The main supplier within this industry is the fighters themselves. Fighters have generally low power in this industry.The main reasons for this are the lack of competition in this industry and the abundance of fighters willing to participate. Within this industry there is one dominant player and that is the UFC. This give this organization power over fighters willing to join this industry and fighters that are already in the industry. Most of the top fighters in this industry are signed to long term contracts further limiting their power. Since there are many fighters willing to join this industry the organization can take the time to pick and choose who they want.Barriers to Entry (High) The barriers to entry are surprisingly high. The main components these organizations need are fighters, a place to fight, and people who take interest in these fights. What makes this barrier t o entry high though is that the main organization in this industry is already well established. Competing against this organization is quite difficult and companies who have tried have failed. In this type of industry there is really only room for one organization such as similar professional leagues like the MLB and NBA.A new organization can very well get their name out there, but staying in the competition is hard. In order for a new organization to stay in business within this industry, the organization would have to bring something new and unique to the industry. Barriers to entry for fighters are considered high as well. Within this industry, well known fighters are already established and have contracts with existing organizations. New fighters interested to join this industry will have to go above and beyond to prove that they can compete with the top fighters.Competitive Rivalry (Degree of Rivalry) (Low) The competitive rivalry for the MMA industry is low. With the only maj or player in MMA being UFC it appears to have a monopoly on the industry. It has bought out most of its major competition such as Strikeforce, a kickboxing organization that stared in 1988, World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC), a MMA organization founded in 2001 focusing on smaller weight classes, and Pride Fighting Championships (Pride FC), a Japanese organization founded in 1997. Threat of Substitutes (High) The threat of substitutes for the MMA industry is high.The MMA industry is a focus of the sports industry, thus there are many alternatives. Hockey, football, baseball, basketball, and soccer can all be substitutes for MMA. In particular, hockey and football are aggressive sports that sometimes break out into violence. Since MMA is also entertainment based consumers can substitute it with movies, concerts, and video games. Buyer Power (Low-Moderate) The buyer power for the MMA industry is low to moderate. Consumers have low power in the MMA industry. In this industry, consumers ty pically buy tickets or pay a PPV fee to watch a live match.Buyers do not have options when purchasing tickets because tickets are usually sold at a fixed price and are typically sold from one venue. An option for a consumer could be a scalper, but scalpers usually sell the tickets at a higher cost than the original cost making buyer power even lower. In addition, MMA events are only shown live once. Consumers do not have the option to come back and watch it live later. Other MMA events will occur throughout the year, but that particular event will never be able to be seen live again. However, buyers can gain power if an organization decides to raise prices.MMA events are not a necessity so if prices rise, average consumers are less willing to pay more for tickets or PPV events. Competitor Analysis The UFC’s major competitors were PRIDE Fighting Championships (Pride FC), World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC), and Strikeforce. All three mentioned were all acquired by the UFC or Zuff a, LLC. As of late, the UFC does not have major competition in this industry. The UFC is clearly a monopolized organization and with this brings almost no competitors. Internal Analysis The UFC has had great success in the US and other foreign markets, such as Australia, and has a large fan base.With the success in Australia, Fertitta, the CEO of the UFC, has contemplated pursuing other international locales. To be successful the UFC has to find support for this type of combat based entertainment in other areas of the world. It also leads to the question, would different cultures be willing to accept the sport or would there simply be too much of a cultural gap between various audiences? Strategies of Success The UFC has already seen success internationally in many countries such as the UK, Australia, and Germany, just to name a few.The UFC should start expanding into other international areas. To do this the organization must look at the success of other sports. With China, an esta blished relationship is usually needed before any deals can be made. With the rise of the middle class and desire for Western luxuries though, the UFC has found an opening into the market. In India MMA has grown from a budding interest into a rich tradition of martial arts and hand-to-hand combat. In South Korea martial arts has been popular for more than 2,000 years and it is cited as one of the most recognizable cultural aspects of the country.With the UFC gaining popularity in these unique countries, it is apparent that the UFC can and should expand into other culturally diverse countries but with some patience. Alternative Strategies The UFC could also just choose to stay in countries where they already have a large fan base. Since it already has a large fan base in countries like Australia, it is easier for the UFC to grow a larger fan base in these areas. The organization also need not worry about government regulations or forging new relationships with these governments becau se they are already established.

Cognitive Reframing - 1566 Words

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Fragrant Conflict Steinbeck quot;Chysanthemumsquot;...

Within Steinbecks story, Chrysanthemums, the main character, Elisa Allen, is confronted with many instances of conflict. Steinbeck uses chrysanthemums to symbolize this conflict and Elisas self-worth. By examining these points of conflict and the symbolism presented by the chrysanthemums, the meaning of the story can be better determined. The first time the reader encounters conflict occurs when Elisa is tending to her chrysanthemums in her garden. As she works, Elisa handles the flowers with care and compassion; she makes certain that nothing will come to harm them as though they were her own children; No aphids were there, no sowbugs or snails or cutworms. Her terrier fingers destroyed such pests before they could get started.†¦show more content†¦In this meeting, the tinker, a nomadic man, comes to Elisa and admires her flowers. Since the chrysanthemums represent interests, the tinker is essentially admiring Elisa, and at the same time he is filling the void of attention that Elisa is yearning for; this then causes Elisa to resent her husband, but at the same time she recognizes her beauty. After she gives the tinker some chrysanthemums, Elisa takes a bath, scrubbing herself with a little block of pumice, legs, thighs, loins and arms. (278) Once done, she admires herself in the mirror. She tightened her s tomach and threw out her chest. (278) This encounter gives Elisa a new direction. As a result of the encounter, she not only gains a new sense of value for her self, but as she, ...worked carefully on her hair, pencilled her eyebrows and roughed her lips, (278) she is thinking that the lack of romance in her marriage may be dissolved. The chrysanthemums are used symbolically when there is conflict between Elisa and herself. Elisa and her husband go to spend an evening together to celebrate the sale of some livestock. On the way to dinner, Elisa is still feeling revived by her encounter until: Far ahead on the road Elisa saw a dark speck. She knew. She tried not to look as they passed, but her eyes would not obey. She whispered to herself sadly. He might have thrown them off the road. That wouldnt have been much

BX2091 Field Trip Report Example Essay - 1620 Words

BX2091 Tourism Leisure Management – Field Trip Report | Pulau Ubin BX2091 – Tourism Leisure Management List of Contents 1. Introduction to Pulau Ubin 2. Leisure industries obligations and operations towards sustainable tourism and leisure activities 2.1. Commercial (Private) sector 2.2. Government (Public) sector 3. Sustainability management issues – Pollution (Environmental) 3.1. Water pollution- Oil leakage 3.2. Improper disposal of waste 3.3. Carbon emission 4. Sustainability management issues – Displacement (Socio-cultural) 5. Recommendations for Sustainable Management (Tactics) 5.1. Pollution (Environmental) 5.1.1. Water pollution – Oil leakage 5.1.2. Improper disposal of waste 5.1.3. Carbon emission 5.2.†¦show more content†¦3.1. Water pollution- Oil leakage Pulau Ubin is only accessible via a 10 minutes bumboat ride from Changi Point Ferry Terminal. These bumboats may dispose excess oil into the sea and with this inconsiderate act; it pollutes the marine habitat as they are not able to retrieve sunlight to produce food as the layer of oil hinders them from doing so. 3.2. Improper disposal of waste With the increase of tourist activities in Pulau Ubin, improper disposal of waste has seen a rise. Walking on the coastal boardwalk of Chek Jawa, items such as bottles and plastics bags were spotted. It is an alarming issue of pollution as not only it is unsightly to tourists but it may be harmful to living organisms as they could not produce food from the sunlight as these plastic pollutants impede their food making process. 3.3. Carbon emission Mode of transportation within the island is limited. Tourists either rent bicycles or rent a van for touring purposes. As the island is abundant with natural habitats and living organisms, these carbon emissions from the van is a source of pollutant. Not only if may affect the livelihood of flora and fauna, the quality of air for the locals will be compromised. Cases of respiratory-related problems will be on a rise due to constant exhalation of this poor air quality. 4. Sustainability management issues – Displacement (Socio-cultural) Next, Displacement would be the second sustainability management issue that I will be

Importance Of Primary Education For Childern Analysis Education Essay Free Essays

Primary instruction is the basic and first right of every child.Its handiness and proviso is non merely the duty of province but parents and families. Primary instruction brings consciousness among the multitudes, opens avenues for chances every bit good self-advancement and betterment and reduces chronic and inter-generational poorness. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance Of Primary Education For Childern Analysis Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a first measure in the creative activity of public assistance and merely society, cosmopolitan primary instruction is an absolute pre-requisite for sustainable development. Every individual kid that means misss every bit good as male childs should be able to finish full class of primary instruction. In order to vie with the environing universe, kids are prepared from really early childhood. Equally early as four or five old ages, the kids grew up in the place, where they seek advice about how household life, and how to interact with people in general pretence. But life and the competition and the whole universe, life and excel in the upcoming one in ulterior life. General instruction in assorted subjects is indispensable to supply each of which is primary instruction for kids. Primary instruction is mandatory for pupils on life, where all the related subjects the basic cognition and necessary, which may include numeration, word formation and apprehension of general moralss, norms and criterions of cognition around. Primary instruction is normally started earlier, in some states, such as baby’s room categories in other counties is the first measure the chief baby’s room. All kids to instruction, the usage of this very petroleum and professional life around the universe, they have to cover with in ulterior life information. This is in all states, all of the plans and classs to take compulsory position and kids with linguistic communication, art, scientific discipline, mathematics and other facets of life, particularly the basic cognition of faith, introduced mandatory instruction. Primary instruction normally ends at ten old ages old as 5th class pupils through their tests. Started within this period of clip, so that all pupils in the community to work as a category and how to cover with and obey the general apprehension in society. Other than this subject is the most of import facet is secondary in these initial experiences to beef up vocational instruction in the former watercourse. Yet basic instruction in hapless states like Pakistan is in crisis. 67 % of kids ( aged between6-10 ) go to school ( 72 % male and 62 % female ) 57 % literacy rate ( 69 % male and 45 % female ) Thousands of new trained instructors are needed today to supply childern with a nice instruction There are so many grounds for kids to lose school, but poorness is the chief 1. Parents can non afford school fees, uniforms and books sum. Most of communities may non hold adequate resources to run a school.In most of rural countries, schools are at long distances which make kids to avoid them and particularly it makes impossible for misss. The account for misss ‘ exclusion is n’t simple. In different cultural values boys get precedence when it comes to instruction. Girls are kept place to assist with child care and family working.They do non bask the same freedom of motion as male childs. It is of import for the Government of Pakistan to do excess attempt by running more plans and educational prioritized policies to accomplish Millennium Educational Development Goals set under the declaration signed in 2000. This subject is chosen to pull attending of every person to endeavor together for the development of simple instruction which can be guided by the analytical model provided in claiming the Millennium-Development-Goals. The survey will enable us to happen impact of different factors set uping the accomplishment of Millennium-Development-Goals for instruction. It besides includes plans and policies used to accomplish the spreads and achieve maximal achievement of ends. To reason, it will foreground the jobs associating to this issue and giving solutions to them. 1.2 Importance of research rubric: The end of accomplishing cosmopolitan primary instruction is particularly of import because educational attainment has been noted as a cardinal facet to overall economic growing ( Gupta et. al. , 2002 ) . To mensurate advancement towards this end, the United Nations has chosen three indexs of primary cosmopolitan instruction: Universal Literacy, Universal Primary Enrollment and Universal Primary Education Completion. Additionally, the United Nations has called for Gender Parity, or the equal representation of males and females, in primary instruction as a portion of a separate end meant to advance gender equality and empower adult females. As the deadline for finishing the MDGs has been set for 2015, developing states must set up the most efficient ways to accomplish these ends with the limited resources available. The primary aim of this subject is to reexamine the extent to which-and how-educational developments are reflected in national MDGs-based development schemes and policies in Pakistan, in order to place critical spreads and challenges, and to see what can be learned from these experiences to do betterments in accomplishing ends. The subject, hence, is intended for usage by development of educational governments, and specifically by policymakers, national human rights establishments, civil society organisations, and United Nations financess, plans and bureaus working to incorporate educational rights into national and international attempts to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals ( MDGs ) . 1.3 Brief reappraisal of position of instruction in Pakistan since its birth: Since the birth of Pakistan, in last 63 old ages different comprehensive paperss and policies at national degree on restructuring and betterment of instruction system were produced in different old ages 1959, 1972, 1979 and 1992. Yet, the limited economic resources, hapless grasp of instruction precedences, unequal committedness, and improper execution of Torahs and deficiency of response from the people ne’er allowed the coveted transmutation to take topographic point. In 1998, the so authorities, made an understanding to this basic duty, by denoting the policy on 27th March 1998. The National Education Policy 1998 was formulated to transform the Pakistani state into an educated, cultured, integrated, cohesive entity that can vie and stand up to future challenges. The two of the chief aims that were set under this policy were to universalise primary instruction for the kids, young person and grownups by the twelvemonth 2010 through non-formal attack and to achieve cosmopolitan literacy rate. In September 2000, at the United Nations HQ in New York City, merely after two and half old ages of national instruction policy for Pakistan was devised, 189 states from across the universe signed the Millennium Declaration to accomplish minimal criterion of quality of life. Pakistan was besides one of them. Eight Millennium-Development-Goals were agreed to accomplish the aims of the Declaration by 2015 and get down a new epoch of peace and equality. The first specific end set under MDGs was to cut down utmost poorness and hungriness, second was to accomplish cosmopolitan primary instruction, 3rd to advance gender equity and empower adult females, 4th to cut down kid mortality, fifth to better maternal wellness, sixth to battle HIV/AIDS malaria and other diseases, seventh to guarantee environmental sustainability and eight to develop a planetary partnership for development. Primary educational development is the 2nd end to accomplish after eliminating hungriness and poorness. To put the universe on a new class of patterned advance, rich and hapless state, old and new, had signed a declaration. The human race had ne’er done much corporate attempt and possible to make good earlier in history. Declarations can be signed but merely as easy forgotten. In todays life of international political relations due to planetary economic and societal unstability, precedences change fast and committednesss are delayed. As a state, it is our duty to fall in together and to contend against this planetary war. It can be our coevals that eliminates illiteracy and make a universe for every adult male. It can be our coevals who can supply a way of success and bright hereafter for the following coevalss. Governments are answerable to the people they govern and it ‘s those people, you and me, who have the ability to do certain they keep their committednesss. So far the current rate of advancement for Millennium development ends to be fulfilled by 2015 is difficult.If we want to, we can do a difference by fall ining with each other to do our voice count. Our ballot counts and so does our voice. So Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s do our difference to the state today and do illiteracy history. These are the several grounds which hinder the accomplishment of MDGs for instruction will be focused but other of import variables will non be ignored. All these elements have been identified in this research paper and are given in item. Though Pakistan has run through a political convulsion every bit good as natural catastrophe like temblors of 2004-5 and inundations of 2009 has atrocious and atrocious after effects on the economic system every bit good as societal substructure of Pakistan. Yet we as a state should non give up and go on to our best to accomplish these MDGs. 1.4 Importance of subject for Academic governments: The research paper has its graduated table and importance. It has a really broad range and its graduated table of importance is besides huge. The subject has its importance globally as this job is non the job of one state but it is a planetary issue and has a planetary position. A batch of work has been done in this respects but still there is a demand to trap indicate the jobs until no proper action is being taken. This research investigates the accomplishment for educational MDGs in Pakistan, placing the jobs, issues and hinderances in non accomplishing the coveted ends and proposing some recommendations to accomplish the targeted ends. This paper, hence, is intended for usage by development of educational governments, and specifically by policymakers, national human rights establishments, civil society organisations, and United Nations financess, plans and bureaus working to incorporate educational rights into national and international attempts to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals ( MDGs ) . Ministry of instruction has gained importance and is playing a really fruitful and ruling work in the society. Students and instructors are making research on such subjects ; it will assist them understand good the job. 1.5 Cardinal Definitions: The definitions of of import nomenclatures or words are as follow: Footings Glossary/Operational Definition Education The act or procedure of educating ; the consequence of educating, as determined by the cognition accomplishment, or subject of character, acquired ; besides, the act or procedure of preparation by a prescribed or customary class of survey or subject. ( www.brainyquote.com/words/ed/education158399.html ) Primary instruction It is most frequently referred to as simple instruction, which is normally composed of classs one through six. The chief intent of primary instruction is to give kids a strong foundation in the rudimentss of a general course of study, with an accent on reading and math. ( www.ehow.com †º Education †º K-12 †º K-12 Basics ) 1.6 Study aim: This survey attempts to reexamine and analyze the state ‘s specific policies, plans, bing commissariats and schemes which have been adopted to accomplish the millenary development end to guarantee that by2015 every individual male child and miss will be able to finish full class of primary schooling. Furthermore, the survey besides suggests some recommendations and looks at the different factors that have an impact in accomplishment of these ends. To analyze the impact of the Net primary registration ratio ( % ) on literacy rate spread. To analyze the impact of the completion / endurance rate grade 1 to 5 ( % ) on literacy rate spread. To analyze the impact of the GPI ( Gender para index ) on literacy rate spread. To analyze the consequence of the Public outgo as % of gross domestic product on instruction on literacy rate spread. To analyze the impact of the Pupil-teacher ratio on literacy rate spread. To analyze the proposition that Poverty rate has significant/insignificant impact on literacy rate spread. To analyze the impact of Non formal instruction ( deeni madrasas ) on literacy rate spread. To analyze the insignificant/significant impact of population aged ( 0-14 ) ( % of entire ) on literacy rate spread. To analyze the proposition that primary instruction instructors ( % of females ) has a significant/insignificant impact on literacy rate spread. To analyze the impact of low weight babes on literacy rate spread. To analyze the impact of figure of primary schools on literacy rate spread. How to cite Importance Of Primary Education For Childern Analysis Education Essay, Essay examples

Impact of Plastic Debris -Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the the Impact of Plastic Debris on the Marine Ecosystem. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the assignment is to study the impact of plastic debris on the marine ecosystem. The study is based on three literary sources. The first source is the video titled Plastic Paradise by media journalist Angela Sun, which speaks about the Midway Inlands in the Pacific Ocean and the devastating level of plastic debris, which collect on and around its shores. The second literary case is an article published in the English newspaper the Daily Mail by Liberatore which speaks about the immense quantities of plastics which reach the ocean along the biggest rivers in the world (dailymail.co.uk, 2017). The book by Charles W. Hill mentions current events like globalisation and international trade. An analysis of these three cases shows that though they look unrelated, they are heavily related to each other. It is this relatedness between these three literary sources, which make it important to combine them to realise the full meaning and benefit from them. Sun in her article speaks ab out the devastating impact plastic debris has on the marine ecosystem. She states that birds, fishes and other marine mammals due to suffocation and poisoning by the plastic. These have devastating impact on the industries like fishing and restaurant, which obtain raw materials from these marine animals. The plastic break down into minute pieces, which are embedded into the bodies of the marine animals, and finally the human beings who eat these animals. Moreover, the nets of nylon destroy coral reefs, which form sources of food for the ecosystem and medicines for fatal diseases like cancer (Holm, Eriksson Johanson, 2015). The minute pieces of plastic enter human bodies and causes hormonal imbalances, brain damage and finally death. It is thus huge scale of pollution by plastic and its devastating impacts on all living things including man make the matter through the literary sources important to study (Arora et al., 2017). Thus, the impact of this large-scale pollution due to plas tic and plastic nets is poisoning of the coral reefs. Fishes that in turn get the minute plastic pieces in their bodies consume the poisonous corals. These minute pieces enter the human bodies when they these fishes. The plastic damages the physiological systems in the body leading towards death. Thus, the impact of the plastic pollution in the oceans is nemesis for all the living creatures on earth including man (Padhy Mishra, 2015). An analysis of the video by Sun and the article by Liberatore shows that a major portion of debris is composed of bottles, air condition parts, boxes and other packages. It can be pointed out that this immense amount of packages belongs to goods produced by the FMCG companies all round the world. The consumers of the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) consume the products and dump their plastic packages into rivers. These excessive applications of plastic in the FMCG goods have made the FMCG industry to the target industry for the study on impact of plastic on the oceans (Zheng, 2013). Current events: The current events mentioned of the three literary sources consists of a video available Youtube called Plastic Paradise, a newspaper article from the international English language daily, the Daily Mail on river pollution caused due to plastic and a book. The name of the book is International Business by Charles W. Hill, University of Washington. The sections that follow would analyse and discuss the similarities and differences between the book, the video and the newspaper article. Differences and similarities between the three literary sources: There are several similarities and differences between the three literary sources the author has chosen namely, the video, the newspaper article and the book. The following two sections would analyse these differences and similarities: Differences between the three literary sources: The first difference between the Youtube video, the Daily Mail article and the book is their area of coverage. The video titled Plastic Paradise deals with dumping plastic in the oceans and how the ocean currents go in circular forms washing these plastic dump up to the shores of surrounding landmasses both large continents and small islands. The video concentrates more on the Pacific Ocean and the Midway Islands in it, which has earned the name Plastic Island owing to tonnes of plastic debris, which the currents wash up the islands shores (youtube.com, 2017). The article in the Daily Mail speaks about the herculean scale of river pollution in the main rivers across the world due to plastic dumps. The article, unlike the video concentrates mainly on the ten main rivers on earth like Yang Tze and the Ganges, which add ninety percent of the oceans plastic content. The book does not speak about pollution due to plastic in water bodies, instead speaks about globalisation, economic develo pment and religions (Hill, 2017). The second point of difference between the three literary sources lie in their treatment of the topics they explain. The video speaks about the dangerous effect plastic is having on the environment, oceans and the living things. The video spans across diverse topics like plastic production, use of plastic, its impact on the marine creature, how it enters the food chains and finally how it devastates the bodies of living organisms. The video clearly shows how presence of plastics in the fishes and marine creatures harm the industries like restaurant industries around the world to which these creatures function as raw materials. It, in other words shows how irresponsible profit making propensity of one industry namely the gas and chemical industries making plastics prove harmful for other industries namely, the restaurant and the fishing industry in the long run. The book treats diverse range of topics namely globalisation, international trade and marketing. The book does not speak abo ut pollution but globalisation, which is one of the leading causes of pollution (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Similarities between the literary sources: The first similarity between the three literary sources is that they speak about pollution. The video shows that multitude of marine pollution in oceans namely the Pacific Ocean due to plastic debris from the economic giants Asia and North America. The video also attribute the inflow of plastic articles like bottles, cans and packages mostly from the fast moving consumer goods to the ships and boats voyaging the oceans (Jambeck et al., 2015). The newspaper articles too point out to the multitude of pollution due to plastic in the rivers and ultimately to the seas and oceans. Thus, it can be analysed that the newspaper indirectly speaks about the enormous amount of plastic items, which find ways into the oceans. The article in fact, concludes with the mention of the Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean, the main feature the video. This shows that the article from the Daily Mail and the video actually point at the same point which is, impact of plastic debris on marine environment and consequently to all living things on earth including man (trach Wiesinger, 2015). The book speaks about topics like globalisation and market entry strategies. One can point out that globalisation has led to rapid industrialisation which in turn leads to generate unimaginable amount of sewage. It can be pointed that industries like FMCG have entered virtually every economy and cater to the global consumer base. These industries use enormous amount of plastic for packing and packaging their products. Thus, globalisation and expansion of industries like FMCG has led to outflow of enormous amount of plastic into the rivers and finally the oceans. Thus, the book indirectly speaks about pollution of water bodies like rivers and oceans (Srinivasan Lu, 2014). The second similarity between the video, article and the book is that they speak about management of resources in sustainable ways. The video shows that irresponsible actions of the plastic companies producing plastic goods, FMCG companies who use it to package and pack their products and the consumers who use both the items devastate the biomes on the earth, slowly and gradually. It states that the minute pieces of plastic gradually enter the food chains when fishes and marine creatures eat them which either causes their death or makes them unfit for human consumption. This deteriorating quality of the fishes is raking havoc on the industries like restaurant, marine food, fishing and tourism. Thus, in other words, industries are able to affect each other through their actions (Padhy Mishra, 2015). The newspaper speaks about how these industries dump plastic, which flows out into the oceans. An analysis of the article clearly point out how lack of sustainable sewage disposable metho ds in the factories situated on the rivers ultimately lead to ocean pollution. For example, the plastic sewage of the Ganges ultimately pollutes the Indian Ocean and the plastic discharge of the Yang Tze pollutes the Pacific waters. The book also speaks about human resources, globalisation and international trade, all of which promote responsible operation of companies in crucial areas like sustainability (Eriksen et al., 2013). Political orientation behind the perspective of the materials originator: There are no clear political intentions, which made the authors of the video, newspaper article or the book, which motivated them to form these three literary sources. It is maker of the video have similar inclination. Their inclination was to create awareness about the devastating effect plastic has on the marine life and consequently on the entire ecosystem. The inclination of Charles W. L. Hill to write the book is to educate the readers, chiefly the university students on globalisation and related topics like international trade. The author of the newspaper article by Stacy Liberatore does not bear any political inclination since the author apparently has no political background. The main narrator of the video Plastic Paradise-the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, Angela Sun, is a media journalist. The video apparently does not show any intention to politicise pollution. Thus, it can be summarised from the discussion that the authors of the literary sources namely, the British daily, the video and the book have no political orientation (Vegter et al., 2014). The authors of the newspaper article, video and the book are Stacy Liberatore, Angela Sun and Hill respectively. They apparently have no political orientation behind writing or making these videos and articles. First, the author of the newspaper article, Liberatore is apparently a homemaker who works as a freelancer and lives in America. She in the article in the English daily expresses serious concern about the devastating impact plastic debris is having on the rivers. She pointed out that the rivers in the world like the Ganges of India and the Yang Tze of China with largest discharge of water carry with them millions of tonnes of plastic debris into the ocean they flow. She concluded the article by mentioning the Midway Islands, which has earned the name Plastic Island wing to the immense amount of plastic debris the Pacific Ocean has washed up its shores (Sirirat, 2017). The main narrator of the video Angella Sun is a media journalist who apparently does not showcase any kind of political orientation. She introduces several environmentalists like Charles Moore and Dr Susan Freinkal in her video, which shows her intention of gaining strong participation of the environmentalists. The video clearly shows her strong intention of creating awareness in the society regarding the fatal impacts of presence of plastics in the marine ecosystem and gradually into the global food chainb (Eriksen et al., 2014). Charles W. L. Hill is an academic expert and world famous professor having experiences of teaching in some of the most reputed universities in the United States. After conducting an analysis of the backgrounds of the three authors, one can arrive at the decision that they have no political intention. Development of awareness and knowledge about the video, article and book: The cases presented in the article by Liberatore, the video by Sun and the book by Hill help in development of awareness and knowledge in the society. These literary sources complement each other and strengthen each others messages. Liberatore in the article published in the English daily spoke about the dangerous level of plastic effluents the major rivers carry to the oceans (dailymail.co.uk, 2017). Sun in her video clearly shows that harm plastic debris can do to marine life. She clearly points out the danger plastic debris pose to the ecosystem of the oceans and the world as whole. Hill in the book spoke one of the most spectacular current events which has escalated the level of pollution by infinite levels, globalisation. Hill, in his book deals in concepts like globalisation and international trade. It can be pointed out that globalisation and uncontrolled international trade are the reasons for pollution (Hill, 2017). This discussion shows that the three literary articles comp lement each other. Takeaways from the assignment: An comparison and contrast between the three literary sources namely, the newspaper article, the book and the video provide three assignment take aways or lessons about the devastating impact of plastic debris. The following section would discuss the three learnings form the point of view of the FMCG industry: Plastic debris is harmful to marine life: The plastic debris float consisting of containers of FMCG products and fishing nets float in the ocean water. The marine animals are trapped in them and are either killed or injured. The macro plastics items like nylon fishing nets destroy coral reefs and disturb the food chain permanently. These big pieces of plastic break into smaller or even invisibly small plastic pieces, which become a part of the body component of the marine animals and ultimately the consumers of them including man (Unnamalai, 2017). The FMCG companies and the consumers should use and dispose plastic responsibly: The video by Sun shows that the mass of debris on the Midway Island is composed of bottles, packages and other plastic articles, which the FMCG industry uses to pack and package goods. The industry should use plastic more responsibly by recycling the plastic pieces discarded. They must create awareness among the consumers about the fatal impact of plastic accumulation in the environment. This would result in decrease in the disposal of plastic in the oceans. Plastic causes harmful impact on the human body: The book by Hill states that globalisation and foreign trade have resulted in production of goods in large scale, which has in turn multiplied pollution. Sun in her video clearly states that the enormous amount of plastic the industrial sector and the consumers use finds its way in the marine food chain. Liberatore states that the rivers also contribute to the marine pollution. The micro plastic particles enter the bodies of the fishes and the body of men to who consume those fishes. The plastic disrupts the normal working of human body by causing hormonal imbalance and diseases like cancer. Thus, plastic accumulation in the ecosystem can lethal to all living organisms including man (Padhy Mishra, 2015). Conclusion: The discussion above shows how devastating pollution can be to the living world including man. It shows that plastic debris from the industrialised nations, which reach the oceans directly or indirectly along rivers, are capable of devastating marine life. They destroy the marine eco-system, which influence the entire food chain. The microforms of plastic make fishes and marine creatures unfit for use in the restaurants and by domestic consumers. Thus the plastic pollution have gives fatal blows to the industries which depend on marine creatures for raw materials like restaurants and fish export industry. The discussion shows that companies producing and using plastic should dispose plastics more responsibly by treating and recycling them. The consumers must reuse plastic packages and not dispose them into the rivers. This would help in reduction of devastation of marine life by plastic, save the eco system, ensure continuous flow of raw materials to the restaurant industries and ens ure sustenance of life on earth. References: Agrawal, A. D., Das, M. (2013). Green Marketing: sustainable marketing strategy.Indira Management Review,17. Arora, T., Mishra, A., Matta, G., Chopra, A. K., Kumar, A., Khanna, D. R., Kumar, V. (2017). Pollution load assessment and potential environmental risks of composite industrial effluents discharged from SIIDCUL Integrated Industrial Estate, Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India.Journal of Environmental Biology,38(2), 205. Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., ... Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea.PloS one,9(12), e111913. Eriksen, M., Maximenko, N., Thiel, M., Cummins, A., Lattin, G., Wilson, S., ... Rifman, S. (2013). Plastic pollution in the South Pacific subtropical gyre.Marine pollution bulletin,68(1), 71-76. Gross, D., Parfenov, S. (2016).Packaging Designs Impact on Sales and Supply Chain in the Consumer Goods Industry(Doctoral dissertation). Hill, C. (2017). International Business. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Holm, D. B., Eriksson, K., Johanson, J. (2015). Business Networks and Cooperation in International Business Relationships.Knowledge, Networks and Power, 133-152. Liberatore, S. (2017).Ocean Cleanup finds rivers are major culprits behind ocean pollution.Mail Online. Retrieved 6 November 2017, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4585526/Plastic-rivers-major-source-ocean-pollution-study.html Mason, S. A., Kammin, L., Eriksen, M., Aleid, G., Wilson, S., Box, C., ... Riley, A. (2016). Pelagic plastic pollution within the surface waters of Lake Michigan, USA.Journal of Great Lakes Research,42(4), 753-759. Padhy, P. C., Mishra, A. K. (2015). Green Consumerism: Catalyst for Environmental Marketing.Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment,2(3), 183-186. Plastic Paradise: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch - TM [MIRRORED]. (2017).YouTube. Retrieved 6 November 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVQd1e23eJc Sirirat, P. (2017).Sustainable Management Strategies: Thailands Sustainable Plastic-Management Leading the Thai Plastic Industry Towards Becoming a Bio-Plastic Hub(Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology). Srinivasan, S., Lu, W. F. (2014). Development of a supporting tool for sustainable fmcg packaging designs.Procedia CIRP,15, 395-400. trach, P., Wiesinger, S. (2015). Market Entry Mode Predictors: Evidence from Austrian Companies Targeting Central European Markets. InCross-Cultural Business Conference 2015(p. 161). Unnamalai, T. (2016). A Study on Consumer Attitudes towards Green Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)(With Special Reference to Tiruchirapalli Town).International Journal of Engineering and Management Research (IJEMR),6(4), 380-389. Vegter, A. C., Barletta, M., Beck, C., Borrero, J., Burton, H., Campbell, M. L., ... Gilardi, K. V. (2014). Global research priorities to mitigate plastic pollution impacts on marine wildlife.Endangered Species Research,25(3), 225-247. Vibhuti, A. K. T., Pandey, V. (2014). A case study on consumer buying behavior towards selected FMCG products.International journal of scientific research and management,2(8), 1168-1182. Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., ... Law, K. L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.Science,347(6223), 768-771. Zheng, B. J. (2013). Green packaging materials and modern packaging design. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 271, pp. 77-80). Trans Tech Publications.